現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞“have(has)+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的,其規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成與過去式相同,不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞則需要加強(qiáng)記憶.現(xiàn)將其主要用法小結(jié)如下:
1.表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果.例如:
I have just cleaned my clothes. 我剛洗過衣服.
("洗衣服"是發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作,對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是"衣服干凈了")
2.表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),也可以表示實(shí)質(zhì)可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).這時(shí)往往與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用.例如:
I have been here for just over two years. ?我到這里才兩年多.
He has worked here since 1989. ?從1989年, 他就在這里工作.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)范圍,因此,不能和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用.
如:yesterday, last night, two weeks ago等, 但可以和never, ever, already, yet, just, for…, since …等連用. 例如:
Have you finished your work yet? 你已經(jīng)完成你的工作了嗎?
I have never heard that before. ?過去,我從未聽說過那件事.
4.be的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài).
1) 表示一種狀態(tài),表示從過去已經(jīng)開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,要與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用. 例如:
There has been a factory near No. 14 Middle School for several years.
十四中學(xué)附近有家工廠,已經(jīng)有幾年了.
2) 表示某人剛從某地回來.例如:
Where have you been? I have been to the library.? 你到哪里去了? 我到圖書館去了.
3)后加地點(diǎn),表示某人曾經(jīng)到過某地. 例如:
Have you ever been to West Hill Farm? ?你曾經(jīng)到過西山農(nóng)場嗎?
但是"have(has) gone to+地點(diǎn)"則表示已去了某地,不在說話者所在的地方.例如:
Where is Kate She has gone to Beijing with her father.? 凱特在哪里 她和她父親一起去北京了.
5.瞬間動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
瞬間動(dòng)詞也叫短暫性動(dòng)詞或終止性動(dòng)詞.這種動(dòng)詞是指它們動(dòng)作很短暫,開始也就意味著結(jié)束,它們不能表示延續(xù)的意義.這些詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但只能表示過去的事對(duì)現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響,而不能表示延續(xù)性的事情,就是說不能跟表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用,但可以用其它方式來表示（可在中文中卻不管是否延續(xù),都可以用同一個(gè)詞來說,比如說“已經(jīng)買了”和“買了兩周了”,都用了“買”,英語就不行了）.象這樣的詞有:buy, sell, begin, start, leave, come, go, borrow, lend, return, die, join等. 例如:
火車離開半小時(shí)了.
誤:The train has left for half an hour.
正:The train has been away for half an hour.
正:The train left half an hour ago.
正:It has been half an hour since the train left.
正:It is half an hour since the train left.
但是,其完成時(shí)的否定式可與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用,表示一種狀態(tài).例如:
I haven't received a letter from my father for two months.
我已兩個(gè)月沒有收到我爸爸的信了.
He hasn't come here for a week.
他一個(gè)星期沒有來這里了.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)要點(diǎn)剖析
一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的用法比較
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在甚至?xí)^續(xù)下去或表示過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響;一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在過去.試比較:
The plane has arrived . 飛機(jī)已經(jīng)來了.(說明現(xiàn)在的情況:飛機(jī)在這兒)
The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飛機(jī)是一刻鐘以前來的.(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在過去)
I have taught here for fifteen years. 我在這兒已經(jīng)教了十五年.(表示十五年前的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,還可能會(huì)繼續(xù).)
二、短暫性動(dòng)詞與時(shí)間段的關(guān)系
短暫性動(dòng)詞在肯定句,疑問句中不能與時(shí)間段連用,這些動(dòng)詞是:become, begin, buy, borrow, arrive, come, die, fall, finish, get to know, go, join, leave, marry等.為了表述這種意思,我們常用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞have,keep等或短語"be+名詞(形容詞,位置副詞,介詞短語)"來代替短暫性動(dòng)詞, 如:become →be, begin→have 或 be on, borrow→keep, buy→have, come(go, arrive, get) →be here/there/in…,die→be dead, fall asleep(ill) →be asleep(ill), finish→be over, get to know→know, join→be in …(be a member of … ),
leave→ be away (from…), marry →be married等;也可以仍用原短暫性動(dòng)詞,用句型"It is … since從句(從句中用一般過去時(shí))"或用"一般過去時(shí)+ …ago"這一結(jié)構(gòu)來表述延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài). 如:
他入黨五年了.
He has been in the Party for five years.
He has been a Party member for five years.
It is five years since he joined the Party.
He joined the Party five years ago .
電影開始五分鐘了.
The film has been on for five minutes.
It is five minutes since the film began
The film began five minutes ago.
但在否定句中,短暫性動(dòng)詞可以與時(shí)間段連用.如:
I haven't bought the bike for a year. 我買這輛自行車還不到一年.
She hasn't come here for an hour.
她來這兒還沒有一個(gè)小時(shí).
三、have been in 與have been to 的用法比較
1."have been +in+地點(diǎn)名詞"或"have been + 位置副詞"的意思是"在某地呆過久",如:Mr. Green has been in China for many years. 格林先生在中國呆過好多年.
I have been here since I began to work. ?我工作以來一直呆在這兒.
2."have been + to +地點(diǎn)名詞"意思是"曾經(jīng)到 過某地(多少次)". 如:
Miss Brown has been to Japan twice. ?布朗小姐到日本去過兩次.
Have you ever been here before ?你以前到過這嗎
四、just, lately, recently是完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語,just now 有a moment ago 之意,是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語.如:
The train has just arrived. ?火車剛到.
Did you see Joan just now? 你剛才看到瓊了嗎?
Have you heard from your family lately/recently? 你最近收到家人的來信了嗎
五,in the past few years 意思是"過去幾年來",可作現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語;in the past意思是"在過去",常作一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語. 如:
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.
過去幾年來,我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了很大的變化.
Where did you work in the past? 你過去在哪里工作
六、even since then與from then on (after that)都有"打那以后"之意,前者是完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語,后者常用作一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語,如:
She's lived here ever since then. ?打那以后,她一直住在這.
I didn't hear of Jim from then on/after that. ?打那以后,我就沒有吉姆的消息.
七、before泛指"以前"時(shí),可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中;ago表示"現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間以前",是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語.如:
I've never been to Japan before. ?我以前沒去過日本.
She went to Japan a year ago. ?她一年前去了日本.
八、ever和never也是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見的時(shí)間狀語.前者意思是"曾經(jīng)",多見于疑問句或否定句中;后者意思是"從來沒有",表示全部否定.如:
"Have you ever seen the film " "No. I have never seen it."
"你曾經(jīng)看過這部影片嗎 " "沒有, 從來沒看過."
Nobody in our class has ever been there. ?我們班沒有人去過那.
九、so far(到目前為止), these days(這些天) 也是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見的時(shí)間狀語.如:
So far, no man has travelled farther than the moon. 到目前為止, 還沒有人到月球以外旅行.