副詞的構(gòu)成
副詞是用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作的特征和狀態(tài)的特征,它可以修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、句子和其它的副
詞.副詞大多數(shù)是由形容詞加-ly構(gòu)成的,具體情況如下：
1．一般規(guī)律：在形容詞的詞尾后直接加-ly,如：warm — warmly, quick — quickly.
這種情況適用于以下幾種詞尾的形容詞：
(1)以“輔音+ -e”結(jié)尾的,如：nice — nicely, wise — wisely
(2)以“元音+ -le”結(jié)尾的,如：sole — solely, pale — palely
例外：whole — wholly
(3)以“元音+ -l”結(jié)尾的,如：careful — carefully, oral — orally
例外：full——fully
2．其它以-e結(jié)尾的形容詞
(1)以“輔音+-le”結(jié)尾的：去掉-e然后只加-y,如：able — ably, comfortable —
comfortably
(2)以“元音+-e”結(jié)尾的：去掉-e然后加-ly,如：due — duly,true — truly
3. 以-y結(jié)尾的：把-y變成-i,然后加-ly,如：pretty — prettily,happy — happily, dry
—
drily
例外：shy — shyly, sly — slyly
4．以-ic結(jié)尾的：在詞尾加-ally,如：ethnic — ethnically, cryptic — cryptically
例外：public — publicly
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副詞的種類
根據(jù)意義和句法功能,副詞主要分為以下幾種：
1．方式副詞：well, fast, carefully, frankly, badly, daringly, etc.
2．地點(diǎn)副詞：here, there, forwards, abroad, east, in, etc.
3．時(shí)間副詞：tomorrow, now, today, then, yesterday, tonight, etc.
4．焦點(diǎn)副詞：just, exactly, purely, especially, mainly, neither, etc.
5．強(qiáng)化副詞：much, enough, completely, terribly, too, almost, etc.
6．句子副詞：honestly, seriously, really, probably, naturally, oddly,etc.
7．連接副詞：first, secondly, anyway, next, equally, similarly, etc.
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副詞的位置
1．時(shí)間副詞
(1)now的位置
Now Mary is very happy.(首位)
Mary is now very happy.(中位)
Mary is very happy now.(末位)
(2)never的位置
Jack never went abroad.(在表意動(dòng)詞前)
Jack has never been abroad.(在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后)
Jack is never at home these days.(在系動(dòng)詞后)
never屬中位副詞,常見的還有：always, already, frequently, often, usually, sometimes等.
要注意的是,never放在首位時(shí),主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要倒裝；often被quite或very修飾時(shí),可
放在末位或首位.如:
Never has Jack been abroad.
We’ve been there quite often.
Very often it rains here in April.
(3)其它常見的時(shí)間副詞的位置
Tom is coming tomorrow.(首位或末位)
The plane arrived late.(一般末位)
Mary still dislikes dancing.(中位,常用于肯定句.)
Bob hasn’t finished it yet.(一般末位,和否定或疑問(wèn)句連用.)
They have just begun.(中位,常和完成體連用.)
另外,還有today, eventually, afterwards等可放在首位或末位；recently, soon等常放在中
位.
2．地點(diǎn)副詞和方式副詞一般放在末位
Children are playing outside.
Bob drove very carefully.
Tom speaks French well.
3．程度副詞的位置
This case isn’t too heavy.
You know her quite well.
Tom didn’t run quickly enough.
象too, quite等程度副詞,總是放在它所修飾的形容詞、副詞之前.但enough要放在它
所修飾的形容詞、副詞之后.
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多個(gè)副詞的順序
多個(gè)副詞放在一起時(shí),可以依據(jù)以下順序：
程度→狀態(tài)→地點(diǎn)→時(shí)間
They played fairly well there yesterday.
這種詞序有可能變動(dòng),如下句的時(shí)間副詞yesterday可放在句首.
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副詞的比較
1．副詞與形容詞一樣,也有原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)三個(gè)等級(jí).其構(gòu)成的規(guī)則形式如下：
(1)在單音節(jié)的詞尾后加-er和-est,如：
fast faster fastest
hard harder hardest
雙音節(jié)的early亦按此規(guī)則變化,如：earlier, earliest.
(2)在其它詞的前面加more和most,如：
\f gracefully more gracefully most gracefully
\f slowly more slowly most slowly
有的詞可以有兩種變化形式：
\f often oftener / more often oftenest / most often
\f quickly quicker / more quickly quickest / most quickly
只有少數(shù)副詞有比較等級(jí)形式,其中主要是方式副詞和部分時(shí)間副詞.
2．副詞比較等級(jí)的意義和結(jié)構(gòu)與形容詞相同,只是在其最高級(jí)級(jí)前可以不用定冠詞.
現(xiàn)舉例介紹副
詞的比較等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)：
(1)同等比較
I swim as often as he does.
我和他一樣經(jīng)常游泳.
Sound doesn’t travel so fast as light.
聲音沒有光傳播得快.
(2)優(yōu)等比較
She studies harder than her sister.
她比她妹妹學(xué)習(xí)用功.
You did more carefully today than yesterday.
你今天比昨天做得仔細(xì).
(3)劣等比較
Bob behaves less politely than Jack.
鮑勃表現(xiàn)得不如杰克有禮貌.
Some plastics break less easily than glass.
一些塑料不象玻璃那樣容易碎.
(4)最優(yōu)等比較
Jack runs (the) fastest of the three.
杰克是三個(gè)人中跑得最快的.
This kind of metal is (the) most widely used in industry.
這種金屬在工業(yè)上的應(yīng)用最廣泛.
(5)最劣等比較
He speaks English (the) least fluently in this class.
在這個(gè)班里,他的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得最不流利.
Among these children, Jenny writes (the) least neatly.
在這些孩子中,詹妮寫得最不工整.
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容易混淆的副詞
1．與形容詞同形的副詞
(1)常見的以-y結(jié)尾的、既是形容詞又是副詞的詞有：weekly, monthly, yearly, early, hourly,
daily, nightly, fortnightly, deadly, masterly, only, leisurely等,如：
Daily papers are delivered daily.
日?qǐng)?bào)每天送.(第一個(gè)daily為形容詞,第二個(gè)為副詞)
He made a masterly speech.
他發(fā)表了一個(gè)很有水平的演講.(形容詞)
He does his job masterly.
他的工作干得很出色.(副詞)
(2)有些不以-y結(jié)尾的詞,它們既是形容詞又是副詞：dead, far, hard, half, fast, long, little,
late, still, straight, well等,如：
The late edition of the paper came late yesterday.
該報(bào)的晚版昨天來(lái)晚了.(第一個(gè)late為形容詞,第二個(gè)為副詞)
She is dead.
他死了.(形容詞)
You are dead right.
你絕對(duì)正確.(副詞)
2．兼有兩種形式的副詞
有些副詞有兩種形式：一種與形容詞同形,另一種是在原有的形式后加-ly.這些詞的
兩種形式有時(shí)詞義不同,有時(shí)它們的語(yǔ)法意義不同,有時(shí)是用法不同.
(1)兩種形式區(qū)別不是很大,可以互換使用.如：
Don’t talk so loud / loudly.
別這么大聲說(shuō)話.
How slow / slowly the time passes!
時(shí)間過(guò)得多慢啊!
(2)兩種形態(tài)詞義不同,幾乎相當(dāng)于兩個(gè)不同的詞.如：
Jack works hard, but john hardly works.
杰克工作很努力,但約翰幾乎不工作.
(3)兩種形式的語(yǔ)法意義不同.一般來(lái)說(shuō),帶-ly的副詞表示行為方式或程度,而不帶-ly
的副詞表示狀態(tài)或結(jié)果.從其意義上看,不帶-ly的副詞更象一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).從句法上看,不
帶-ly的副詞一般都放在動(dòng)詞的后面,帶-ly的副詞則比較靈活.試比較：
They speak highly of him.
他們對(duì)他評(píng)價(jià)很大.(highly表示評(píng)價(jià)方式)
She speaks very high.
她說(shuō)話嗓門大.(相當(dāng)于Her voice is high.)
The clock goes slowly.
時(shí)間過(guò)得太慢了.(slowly表示go的方式)
My watch is going slow.
我的表走慢了.(相當(dāng)于My watch is slow.)