表示一般過去式的動(dòng)詞通常用動(dòng)詞的過去式形式來表示,而動(dòng)詞的過去式是在動(dòng)詞原形的基礎(chǔ)上變化的.動(dòng)詞的過去式可分為規(guī)則動(dòng)詞和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞.規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式變化如下：
一般情況下,動(dòng)詞詞尾加 -ed ,如：
worked played wanted acted
以不發(fā)音的 -e 結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞詞尾加 -d,如：
lived moved decided declined hoped judged raised wiped
以輔音字母 + y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,把-y變?yōu)?i 再加-ed,如：
studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied
以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動(dòng)詞,雙寫詞尾輔音字母,再加 -ed,如：
stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped
注：不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式變化規(guī)律性不強(qiáng),須多加記憶.
表示過去發(fā)生的事用過去時(shí)
時(shí)態(tài)和時(shí)間是兩個(gè)不同的概念.時(shí)間是一種客觀存在的形式,它不依賴于任何一種特定的語言,為所有的文化共有.時(shí)態(tài)是一種語言的手段,依語言的不同而有所區(qū)別,它是屬于動(dòng)詞的語法范疇.英語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是以動(dòng)詞形式變化來表示句子中談到的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)的時(shí)間關(guān)系和說話的時(shí)間.因此我們可以看到時(shí)態(tài)和時(shí)間兩者間雖然有關(guān)系,但不可以混淆.
The plane leaves tomorrow morning. 飛機(jī)明晨起飛.
此句中的時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),但是它所表示的時(shí)間卻為將來（明晨）
英語動(dòng)詞的常用時(shí)態(tài)總共有十六種：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般過去時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
一般將來時(shí) 將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)
將來完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1． 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的形式
是以動(dòng)詞的原形表示的,當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),做謂語的動(dòng)詞原形后要加上詞尾-s or –es, 其構(gòu)成方式列表如下：
情況 構(gòu)成 例詞
一般情況 詞尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o結(jié)尾的詞 詞尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes
以輔音字母+Y 結(jié)尾的詞 變Y為I,再加-es Tries, carries
但是,動(dòng)詞to be 和to have 的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的形式特殊如下：
一般動(dòng)詞的詞形變化 To be 的詞形變化 To have 的詞形變化
I know it I am a student I have a pen.
You know it. You are a student You have a pen
He (she) knows it. He (she) is a student. He (she)has a pen.
We (you,they) know it. We (you,they) are students. We (you,they) have pens.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的功用
1. 表示一直發(fā)生的事情,經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
Excuse me, do you speak English?
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning.
It often rains in summer in Beijing.
2. 表示客觀事實(shí)或者真理：
Birds fly.
The earth goes around the sun.
3. 談?wù)摃r(shí)間表、旅程表等,如：
What time does the film begin?
The football match starts at 8 o’clock.
Tomorrow is Thursday.
4. 談?wù)摷?、?guó)籍等,如：
Where do you come from?
I come from China. 你是哪國(guó)人?我是中國(guó)人.
Where do you come from?
I come from Guangzhou. 你是哪里人?我是廣州人.
5. 詢問或者引用書籍、通知或新近接到的信箋內(nèi)容,如：
What does that notice say?
What does Ann say in her letter?
She says she’s coming to Beijing next week.
Shakespears says, “Neither a borrower or a lender be.”
莎士比亞說：“既不要向人借錢,也不要借錢給別人.”
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞to be 的現(xiàn)在時(shí) + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成：
肯定式 否定式 疑問式
I am working.You are working.He (she) is working.We (you,they) are working. I am not working.You are not working.He (she) is not working.We (you,they) are not working. Am I working?Are you working?Is he (she) working?Are we (you,they) working?
現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成,是在動(dòng)詞原形上加—ing, 但是應(yīng)該注意：
情況 變化 例詞
動(dòng)詞以單個(gè)e 結(jié)尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing
動(dòng)詞以 —ee結(jié)尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing
動(dòng)詞為單音節(jié)：以單一元音字母 + 單一輔音字母結(jié)尾 輔音字母雙寫,再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping
動(dòng)詞為雙音節(jié)或者多音節(jié)：最后一個(gè)音節(jié)為重讀音節(jié),以單一元音字母 + 單一輔音字母結(jié)尾 輔音字母雙寫,再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting
以 y 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的功用
1） 表示說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生或者進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m studying.
Let’s get out. It isn’t raining any more.
2) 表示在現(xiàn)在相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,但是說話一刻不一定在做的動(dòng)作
Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house.
David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.
這些動(dòng)作,在說話時(shí)并不一定在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行,而是在包括說話的一剎那在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的.
3）表示最近的確定的安排
Ann is coming tomorrow.
Oh, is she? What time is she arriving?
At 10:15.
Are you meeting her at the station?
I can’t. I’m working tomorrow morning.
以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式來表示.但是談?wù)撘汛_定的安排時(shí)候,用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)顯得更加自然,除非受到動(dòng)詞的功能的限制.在此,切不可用will, 如：
Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married.
4) 和always 連用表示某種情緒,可能是厭煩也可能是贊揚(yáng),如：
Tom is always going away for weekends.
My husband is always doing homework.
有些動(dòng)詞是表示一種狀態(tài)而不是動(dòng)作,一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí).例如,我們一般不說 I am knowing, 而說 I know. 常見的這類動(dòng)詞有：
want like hate know see hear believe understand seem
think(相信) suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have （擁有）belong
To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受
Do you like Beijing?
Do you see the rainbow?
I remember him very well.
I think I understand what he wants.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的是一般、重復(fù)的動(dòng)作或者事情
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)或說話前后正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情,如：
Tom plays tennis every Sunday.
Where’s Tom? -------He is playing tennis.
What do you do? 你是干什么工作的?
What are you doing here? 你在這里干什么?
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是表示經(jīng)久的情況,而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的是暫時(shí)的,如：
My parents live in Shanghai. They have been there for 50 years.
She’s living with some friends until she can find an apartment.
在不知道這件事有沒有發(fā)生的情況下,應(yīng)該用將來時(shí),上邊已經(jīng)說明了,用be going的形式