定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句,其作用是作定語(yǔ)修飾主句的某個(gè)名次性成分,定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種.
一、 限定性定語(yǔ)從句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷躁P(guān)系詞,which在從句中作賓語(yǔ)則不能省略.而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞”的介詞的賓語(yǔ),注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來(lái)的位置
2. which作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),根據(jù)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟
3. 代表物時(shí)多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時(shí)的that常被省略
4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人,分別作從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)
5. where是關(guān)系副詞,用來(lái)表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句
6. when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示時(shí)間“time"一詞的定語(yǔ)從句只用when引導(dǎo),有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞,當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格
8. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語(yǔ)是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí),常用there is來(lái)引導(dǎo)
二、非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,通常和主句間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)說(shuō)明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分
2. 在引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),that有時(shí)相當(dāng)于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對(duì)白日做夢(mèng)的態(tài)度正在改變,這與人們對(duì)夜間做夢(mèng)的看法的變化有非常相似之處.
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂(lè),而他恰恰與我相反.
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了.
3. 有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞
4. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.
一.定語(yǔ)從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)
1.定語(yǔ)從句：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面.
2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞成為關(guān)系詞
關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞.關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等.
關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：1,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.2,代替先行詞.3,在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分.
二.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1.who指人,在從句中做主語(yǔ)
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),?？墒÷?
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用who代替,可省略.
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which.在賓語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略.
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物時(shí),常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用,如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom,不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which,不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1. when指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
五．限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
形式上 不用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi) 用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi)
意義上 是先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ),不能刪除 是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,刪除后意思仍完整
譯法上 翻譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ),“…的…” 通常翻譯成主句的并列句
關(guān)系詞的使用上 A．做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略 B.可用that
C．可用who代替whom A．不可省 B.不用that
C.不用who代替whom
限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
(2) China is a country which has a long history.
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
要注意區(qū)分以下幾個(gè)句子的不同
(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué).（他還有其他的哥哥）
(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的,常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué).（他只有一個(gè)哥哥）
難點(diǎn)分析
（一）限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用that的幾種情況
1．當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí),或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可以用who
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時(shí)
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人,也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,有相同之處也有不同之處.具體情況是：
1．As和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),代表前面整個(gè)句子.
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后.另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.