學(xué)海指津：中考英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)完全手冊(cè)
時(shí)間：2005-8-18 15:15:00 來(lái)源：現(xiàn)代教育報(bào)-中考導(dǎo)刊 作者：佚名
一、語(yǔ)態(tài)概述
英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的.英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者.巧記為：主動(dòng)、主動(dòng)、主去動(dòng).
例如：Many people speak English.
謂語(yǔ)：speak的動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)many people來(lái)執(zhí)行的.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象.巧記為：被動(dòng)、被動(dòng)、主被動(dòng).例如：English is spoken by many people.主語(yǔ)English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者.
主動(dòng)態(tài)和被動(dòng)態(tài)指的是動(dòng)詞形式,是詞法概念；而主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句則指的是句子結(jié)構(gòu),從而是句法概念.所謂主動(dòng)句就是由主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(詞組)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子,而被動(dòng)句則是由被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(詞組)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子.
例如：He opened the door.他開(kāi)了門(mén).(主動(dòng)句)
The door was opened.門(mén)被開(kāi)了.(被動(dòng)句)
二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成.人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過(guò)be的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的.現(xiàn)以teach為例說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am／is／are＋taught
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was／were＋taught
一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will／shall be＋taught
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am／is／are being＋taught
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：have／has been＋taught
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have／has been＋taught
歌訣是：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be字變,過(guò)去分詞跟后面.
三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法
(1)不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí).
例如：
Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了.(不知道電腦是誰(shuí)偷的)
This book was published in 1981.這本書(shū)出版于1981年.
(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者.
例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗戶是邁克打破的.
This book was written by him.這本書(shū)是他寫(xiě)的.
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時(shí)睡眠必須得到保證.
歌訣：誰(shuí)做的動(dòng)作不知道,說(shuō)出誰(shuí)做的沒(méi)有必要；
動(dòng)作承受者需強(qiáng)調(diào),被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)運(yùn)用到.
四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法
(1)把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ).
(2)把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be＋過(guò)去分詞)
(根據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù),以及原來(lái)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)決定be的形式).
(3)把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ),將主格改為賓格.例如：
All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are madeby themin the factory.
歌訣是：賓變主,主變賓,by短語(yǔ)后面跟.
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng),be后“過(guò)分”來(lái)使用.
五、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí),由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成,原來(lái)帶to的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后“to”仍要保留.
歌訣是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變動(dòng),情態(tài)加be加“過(guò)分”,原來(lái)帶to要保留.例如：
We can repair this watch in two days.
This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away.
It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once.
It should be done at once.(阜成路中學(xué) 司軍萍)
不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況
1) 不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
appear,die disappear,end (vi.結(jié)束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand
break out,come true,fall asleep,keep silence,lose heart,take place.
After the fire,very little remained of my house.
比較：rise,fall,happen是不及物動(dòng)詞；raise,seat是及物動(dòng)詞.
(錯(cuò)) The price has been risen.
(對(duì)) The price has risen.
(錯(cuò)) The accident was happened last week.
(對(duì)) The accident happened last week.
(錯(cuò)) The price has raised.
(對(duì)) The price has been raised.
(錯(cuò)) Please seat.
(對(duì)) Please be seated.
要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的,哪些是不及物的.特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法.解決這一問(wèn)題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中多留意積累.
2) 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：
fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watch agree with,arrive at / in,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in,walk into,belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
3) 系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
appear,be become,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn
It sounds good.
4) 帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞,反身代詞,相互代詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
die,death,dream,live,life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5) 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí),很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).
(對(duì)) She likes to swim.
(錯(cuò)) To swim is liked by her.