英語翻譯
An extreme sport (also called action sport and adventure sport) is a popular term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent danger,and that are counter-cultural.These activities often involve speed,height,a high level of physical exertion,and highly specialized gear or spectacular stunts.
The definition of an extreme sport is not exact — for example,although studies show that (road) cycling ranks as the sport with the highest rate of injury,it is not considered an extreme sport because it is not counter-cultural.The term's origin is also unclear,but it gained popularity in the 1990s when it was picked up by marketing companies to promote the X Games.
History
The origin of the divergence of the term "extreme sports" from "sports" may date to the 1950s in the appearance of a phrase usually,but wrongly,attributed to Ernest Hemingway[10].The phrase is
"There are only three sports:bullfighting,motor racing,and mountaineering; all the rest are merely games."
The implication of the phrase was that the word "sport" defined an activity in which one might be killed.The other activities being termed "games".The phrase may have been invented by either writer Barnaby Conrad or automotive author Ken Purdy.
In recent decades the term extreme sport was further promoted by X Games,a multi-sport event created and developed by ESPN.The first X Games (known as 1995 Extreme Games) were held in Newport,Providence,Mount Snow,and Vermont in the United States.
A history of the sports was published in 2004.Amped:How Big Air,Big Dollars and a New Generation Took Sports to the Extreme.The book provided an overview of the history,culture,and business of the sports and included interviews with athletes,company owners,and marketers.