Being a teacher, you should help your students in every way.(原因)
He died from a sudden traffic accident, leaving the experiment half-done (so that he left the experiment half-done).(結(jié)果)
Seeing my parents waving in the crowd, I went running to them.(時間;方式)
The students entered the classroom, following their English teacher.(伴隨)
Listening to English every day (If you listen to English every day), you’ll learn it well step by step. (條件)
學(xué)習(xí)-ing形式作狀語的用法時,需要注意以下四點(diǎn):
(一) 與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別.
一般來說,-ing形式表示主動、進(jìn)行;過去分詞表示被動、完成.試比較:
The enemy fled in a panic, leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.
Defeated and frightened, the enemy fled in a panic.
分析:前一例中的-ing形式短語在句子中作伴隨狀語,它與其邏輯主語the enemy之間為主動關(guān)系;后一句中的過去分詞defeated和frightened表原因,它與其邏輯主語the enemy之間為被動關(guān)系.
(二) 關(guān)于邏輯主語的問題.-ing形式作狀語時,一般情況下,其邏輯主語應(yīng)與主句的主語保持一致.如:
Comparing all the great people with each other, you’ll find that they have much in common.
Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help.(上海2001,28)
Having suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.(上海2001春,38)
Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001, 35)
分析:前三例中,-ing形式的邏輯主語均為主句的主語.最后一例中,having suffered的邏輯主語是the river,并不是主句的主語it.這種用法極為少見,有的語法家稱其為垂懸分詞,我們在學(xué)習(xí)中不宜模仿.
(三) -ing形式的否定式.其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:not + -ing形式,無論在完成式還是被動式里,not必須置于-ing形式之前.如:
Not having finished his homework, the boy was still doing it in the classroom.
(四) -ing形式(短語)的功能有時相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句.
根據(jù)這個性質(zhì),我們在使用-ing形式作狀語時,切記不要在前面或后面的句子前用連詞連接.如:
Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, so you’ll feel very comfortable.(×)
分析:如前所述,-ing形式短語相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句,所以后半句中的連詞so的使用是錯誤的,應(yīng)該去掉.原句應(yīng)改為:
Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, you’ll feel very comfortable.
