Help me out for the translation
>>Explaining the Paradox
From a mass production perspective,the lean production process seems highly.Similarly,the Toyota design process would seem inefficient if viewed from the conventional development model.But Toyota is not following this paradigm,and its practices make perfect sense within its paradigm.Here we summarize the conventional design process model and then outline our interpretation of Toyota’s approach.
>>The conventional Model
An engineering design test widely used in the United States for the past several decades,Shgley’s Mechanical Engineering Design prescribes a process that iterates through a swquence of steps in which a designer first understands a problem and them synthesizes a solution (see Figure1).The designer then analyzes and evaluates the solution; based on the analysis,he or she tries a new solution (and maybe modifies the problem definition).This is often described as hill-climbing process:each successive solution is another step toward the best possible design at the top of the hill.Because the process moves from point to point in the realm of possible designs,we refer to it as point-based design.Figure 2 illustrates this point-to-point search.
>>Partly because a majority of automotive engineers were trained to use the Shigley method,this view of engineering design is pervasive in engineering thinking,U.S.engineers,authors,and researchers often emphasize “speeding up the iterative loop” by increasing communication among team members through collocation or sometimes computer support or by providing more powerful analytical tools.Thy emphasize “reducing the cumber of iterations”,by “taking a prototype out of the design cycle”,”doing it right the first time”,or “freezing specifications early”.In our experience,when shown figure1,U.S line engineers respond immediately,“That’s the way we do it”,often mentioning improvements that leave the basic model intact,sometimes vaguely implying that there must be a better way.
>>Why does Toyota go through so many iterations,generating different designs?Why does Toyota take so ling to synthesize the first solution,providing the starting point for modifications?
>>The Toyota Model
Toyota’s development process loods expensive,clumsy,and inefficient to ooursiders (including other Japanese companies) if they view it as a badly run version of theirown point-to point search,Toyota does not conduct a point –to-point search but follows a version of set-based concurrent engineering (see figure 3):