名詞的詞形變化
1.不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式
1）來(lái)自古英語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：
child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teeth goose---geese
man---menwoman---women mouse---mice louse---lice
ox---oxen penny---penceanalysis---analysesappendix---appendices
parenthesis---parentheses basis---bases ellipsis---ellipses
axis---axes hypothesis---hypothesesoasis---oasescrisis----crises
criterion---criteria phenomenon---phenomena datum---data medium---media
bacterium---bacteria nucleus---nuclei fungus---fungi stimulus---stimuli
alumnus---alumni focus---foci radius---radii terminus---termini
larva---larvae alga---algae formula---formulae
＃當(dāng)代美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中往往把data當(dāng)做單數(shù)用,因此常見到復(fù)數(shù)形式datas.另外,lens是一個(gè)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為lenses.
1）詞尾讀音為[f]并以－f或0－fe結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有以下幾種情況：
a）規(guī)則形式：
belief---beliefs chief----chiefscliff----cliffs grief----griefs
b）不規(guī)則形式,即把－f或－fe變成－v,再加－es,讀音為[vz]:
calf---calveshalf---halves leaf----leaves life----lives
loaf---loaves self---shelvesthief---thieves wife---wives
wolf---wolves
c）既可是規(guī)則形式又可是不規(guī)則形式：
dwarf---dwarfs/dwarves hoof---hoofs/hoves
scarf---scarfs/scarves wharf---wharfs/wharves
3）詞干以－o結(jié)尾的名次有三種情況：
a）附屬形式為－s：這類詞包括縮略詞kilos,photos；表示國(guó)籍或民族的詞Filipinos,Eskimos以及radios,solos,sopranos,
studios
b）復(fù)數(shù)形式為－es,如：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes.
c）復(fù)數(shù)有規(guī)則的和不規(guī)則的兩種形式,如：
cargo---cargos/cargoesmosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoesvolcano---volacbos/volcanoes
2.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞
1）某些動(dòng)物名詞,如：deer,grouse,salmon,trout,carp,bison,sheep等
2）以－ese或－ss結(jié)尾的表示民族或國(guó)籍的名詞,如：Chinses,Japanese,Portuguese,Swiss,Vietnamese等
3）某些以－s結(jié)尾的名詞,如：barracks,corps,crossroads,gallows,headquarters,means,series,species,works等
4）某些表示計(jì)量單位的名詞,如：horsepower,hertz,kilohertz,li,mu等
其他一些名詞,如：aircraft,spacercarft,craft,offspring等.其中請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意－s結(jié)尾的單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞,它們是考試的重點(diǎn)!
3.不可數(shù)名詞
不可數(shù)名詞前一般不需要加定冠詞,永遠(yuǎn)不能加不定冠詞!
例如下列用法均屬錯(cuò)誤：
the mathematics the banking a clothan equipment
不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)形式.
如：Water is important.
但如果不可數(shù)名詞前面被piece,drop,set等詞修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該與piece,drop,set等的單復(fù)數(shù)形式保持一致
例如：Few drops of water are needed to save the flower.
下面是典型的不可數(shù)名詞,是應(yīng)該熟記的!
air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,
lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,
garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,
glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,happiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wi
sdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laughter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,
intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progress,room,work,homework,population,percent,
mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physics,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics,
genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,English,measles,mumps,diabetes,malaria,pediatrics,
obsterics
請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意其中以－s結(jié)尾的不可數(shù)名詞,大家平時(shí)應(yīng)該積累遇到的不可數(shù)名詞
!注意下列可數(shù)名詞!
poet poemessay newspaper machine weapon scene photographphotographer
英語(yǔ)中有許多名詞既可作可數(shù),又可作不可數(shù).如:hair作“人或動(dòng)物的毛”的時(shí)候是可數(shù)名詞,作頭發(fā)解釋時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞.判斷一個(gè)詞是否可數(shù),除了記憶以外, 主要看題中該名詞的修飾詞來(lái)決定.如：much只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞
4.單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞義不同的名詞
英語(yǔ)中有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞義不同于單數(shù)形式,如：
air(空氣)---air(氣派)arm(手臂)---arms(武器) ash(灰)---ashes(骨灰；廢墟)
authority(權(quán)利)---authorities(當(dāng)局)cloth(織物)---clothes(衣服) content(含量)---contents(目錄)
custom(習(xí)慣)---customs(海關(guān)；關(guān)稅) damage(損害)---damages(賠償金) force(力量)---forces(武裝部隊(duì))
glass(玻璃)---glasses(眼鏡) good(利益)---goods(貨物) green(綠色)---greens(青菜)
letter(字母)---letters(文學(xué)) manner(方式)---manners(舉止,儀態(tài))minute(分鐘)---minutes(記錄)
pain(痛苦)---pains(勞苦) papaer(紙)---papers(文件) quarter(1/4)---quarter(宿舍)
spectacle(光景)---spectacles(眼鏡)spirit(精神)--- spirits(烈性酒) time(時(shí)間)---times(時(shí)代)
water(水)---waters(水域) wood(木頭)---woods(森林) work(工作)---works(工廠)

總結(jié)
1.單數(shù)名詞不能單獨(dú)存在,一般前面應(yīng)該有限定詞修飾.
2.不定冠詞a/an永遠(yuǎn)只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞.
3.every和each永遠(yuǎn)只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞.
但every+數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞是正確的,如：every ten years
4.序數(shù)詞后面一般使用單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞.
5.anther永遠(yuǎn)只修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
但another+數(shù)詞/few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞是正確的,如：another eight years;another few books
6.other通常修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞.
但the other+is/was 單數(shù)名詞或any other+單數(shù)名詞是正確的,如
We have two girls in this team.One is Mary,the other is Alice.
Henry Smith is taller than any other student in his class.
7.下列詞和短語(yǔ)只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞
these,those,many,various,several,numerous,diverse,few,a few,both,a (good/large/great) number of,numbers of,one of
8.大于1的詞數(shù)只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞
!牢記的結(jié)構(gòu)：one/two/many+of+限定詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞!
9.只能修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞的詞：
one,anther,a/an,this,that,each,every,either,such a,many a
!注意!many student以及many a student
10.只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞的詞：
>1的數(shù)字（two,six.),hundred,thousand,million,both,several,many,few,a few,these,those,a (good/large/great) number of
numbers of,the numberof,numbers of,numerous,various,diverse,a series of,a wide range of,a collevtion of
11.只修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞：
much,little,a litter,a great deal of,a great amount of,a piece of,an article of
12.既可修飾不可數(shù)又能修飾可數(shù)的詞：
all (of)a lot ofsome (of)lots ofany (of)
plenty ofmost (of) half (of)a wealth of(a) part of
enough (of) the rest of otherone third ofsuch
noa variety of