獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
（一）：獨(dú)立主格的概念
“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語,加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構(gòu)成.這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有關(guān)系,通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”.
（二）：獨(dú)立主格的功能
“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”實(shí)質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句.眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語,從而依附于主句.而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語,在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系,因此成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).其實(shí),雖然叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),并不是真正的獨(dú)立,它還是一種從屬分句,在句中有多種作用.如：表原因、表?xiàng)l件、表方式、表伴隨、表時間等,在句中通常起狀語作用.
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中,其作用相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句,常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等.例如：
1) 表示時間
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會后我們都回家了.
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下來喝茶.
2） 表示條件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利,他或許能成功.
3） 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有出租車,我們只好步行.
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)的.
4） 表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導(dǎo)體,而銀則是最好的導(dǎo)體.(=Almost all metals are good conductors,
and silver is the best of all.)
（三）： 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：
名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞；
名詞(代詞)+形容詞；
名詞(代詞)+副詞；
名詞(代詞)+名詞
名詞(代詞)+不定式；
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構(gòu)成.
（四） 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：
(1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨(dú)立存在.
2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,介詞等是主謂關(guān)系.
3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開.
舉例：（一）
1) 名詞/代詞+形容詞
The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them.
It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.
2） 名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天來了,天氣越來越冷了.
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散步.
The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 問題解決之后,我們結(jié)束了會議.
3） 名詞/代詞+過去分詞
“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised.
4） 名詞/代詞（主格）+不定式
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我們十點(diǎn)四十五分集合,隊(duì)伍十一點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)時出發(fā).
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 這是前兩卷,第三卷將于下月問世.
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我們進(jìn)行了分工,他擦窗戶,我掃地.
The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. 兩個男孩彼此道了別,一個回了家,另一個去了他朋友家.
5） 名詞/代詞+介詞短語
I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand.
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位獵人手里提著槍走進(jìn)了樹林.
He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.
6） 名詞/代詞+副詞
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.
7） 名詞/代詞+名詞
he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗著,唯一的武器是一根棍棒.
（二）
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結(jié)束了,我們開始放假.
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統(tǒng)被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中.
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你.
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我們才回家.
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結(jié)束后,每個人都想早點(diǎn)回家.
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了.
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
2. With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立主格
表伴隨時,既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).
with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raised【raising亦可】.
典型例題
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞（代詞）+分詞+介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu).當(dāng)分詞表示伴隨狀況時,其主語常常用with來引導(dǎo).由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關(guān)系,因此用過去分詞,選D.
注意:
1) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問題：
當(dāng)介詞是in時,其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞）,也不用復(fù)數(shù).但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his).
2) 當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時,用現(xiàn)在分詞表主動,用過去分詞表被動.
He lay there, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他握著拳頭,眼睛直視地躺在那兒.
解析：拳頭被握所以用過去分詞表被動,眼睛直視是主動的所以用現(xiàn)在分詞表示來修飾.
注意：不可斷章取義地根據(jù)動詞是否為及物動詞來判斷是否采用過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞!
典型例題：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒有連詞,它不是復(fù)合句,也不是并列句. 句中使用了逗號,且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個簡單句.能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).據(jù)此判斷,本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu), 其結(jié)構(gòu)為：名詞+分詞. 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞,故選B.
如果不會判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉,再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可.