初中英語語法總結(jié)
11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1） 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作,常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用.
時(shí)間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday.
例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)
離開家.
2） 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí).例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動.
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國東部.
3） 表示格言或警句.例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái)?
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語也要用
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的.
4） 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性.
例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
安英語寫得不錯,講的可不行.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子.
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課.
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動作,表示言行
的瞬間動作.第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動作的客
觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).
11.2 一般過去時(shí)的用法
1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài).時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday,
last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等.
例如： Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?
2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作.
例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是個孩子的時(shí)候,常在馬路上踢足球.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a
warmwelcome.
那時(shí),布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去,都受到熱烈歡迎.
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了".
例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了.
句型：It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了" ,
例如: It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了.
句型：would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'.
例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧.
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等,而一般過去時(shí)表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在.
例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些.
比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間.）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
（含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
（含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去）
注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語氣.
1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等.例如：
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下.
2）情態(tài)動詞 could, would.例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎?
11.3used to / be used to
used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在.
例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那么健忘.
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步.
be used to + doing：對……已感到習(xí)慣,或"習(xí)慣于",to是介詞,后需加名
詞或動名詞.
例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了.
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語,但從語意上看出,
在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個動作發(fā)生在過去,因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí).
11.4一般將來時(shí)
1） shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替.will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,
在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱.
例如： Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?
2） be going to +不定式,表示將來.
a. 主語的意圖,即將做某事.
例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事.
例如：The play is going to be produced next month.這出戲下月開播.
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事.
例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
看那烏云,快要下雨了.
3） be +不定式表將來,按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事.
例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告.
4） be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事.
例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京.
注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的
時(shí)間狀語連用.
11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí),be going to表將來,will表意愿.
例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
如果你要去旅游,你最好一有可能就做好準(zhǔn)備
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
如果你脫下衣服,我們將在鏡子前幫你穿上新衣服
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或
計(jì)劃.例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我去踢球.（客觀安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球.（主觀安排）
11.7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來
1）下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情.例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開.
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后.
2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動作正在進(jìn)行.例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了.
3）在時(shí)間或條件句中.例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.
比爾來后,讓他等我.
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就寫信給你.
4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中.例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
離開房間前,務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了.
11.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
可以表示將來.例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了.
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎?
11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還
存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài).其構(gòu)成：have（has）+過去分詞.
11.10 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1） 一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作；現(xiàn)
在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響.
2）一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語
連用,或無時(shí)間狀語.
一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October,
just now等,皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,
till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語.
共同的時(shí)間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already,
recently, lately 等.
3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),動詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live,
teach, learn, work, study, know..
一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish,
become, get married等.例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動作發(fā)生過了）
I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動作已發(fā)生過了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭）
He has been in the League for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）
He has been a League member for three years. （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）
注意:句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）
時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過去時(shí).
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1）It is the first / second time… that… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在
完成時(shí).
例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city.
這是我第一次訪問這城市.
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing.
這是我第一次聽他唱歌.
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2） This is +形容詞最高級+that…結(jié)構(gòu),that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
例如： This is the best film that I've （ever） seen.
這是我看過的最好的電影.
典型例題
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B.This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故選B.
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí),反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí).
注意： 非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用.即動作不發(fā)
生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的.
（錯）I have received his letter for a month.
（對）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時(shí)間,for用來說明動作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度.
例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了. (延續(xù))
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了.(開始時(shí)間)
注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作.）
I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作.）
注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法,很容易排除非延續(xù)動詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用.
1）（對） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（錯） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然,第二句不對,它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四種用法
1） since +過去一個時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month,
half past six）.
例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在這兒.
2） since +一段時(shí)間+ ago.
例如： I have been here since five months ago.
我在這兒,已經(jīng)有五個月了.
3） since +從句.例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,變化可大了.
Great changes have taken place since we were here.
我們走后,變化可大了.
4） It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句.例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
我考上研究生有兩年了.
11.14 延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞
1） 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結(jié)果,不能與表示段的時(shí)
間狀語連用.例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作. （表結(jié)果）
I've known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識他了.（表經(jīng)歷）
2） 用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用于否定句, 表示
"到……,才……".例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來.
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn).
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B.首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述.
再次,several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作,因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A.等待的動作由過去開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
11.15 過去完成時(shí)
1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成.
那時(shí)以前那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句.例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎.
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個動作中,發(fā)生在先,用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后,用一
般過去時(shí).例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷們早就跑了.
c. 表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose
等,用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…".例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
那時(shí)我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來.
3） 過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as.
例如：
He said that he had learned some English before.
他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived
at the party.
湯姆失望了,因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會時(shí),大部分客人已經(jīng)走了.
典型例題 ：
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the
office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left
D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前,因此"忘了書"這一動作發(fā)生在過去的過去,用過去完成時(shí).句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn),表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下,when所引導(dǎo)的動作發(fā)生.因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí).
注意： had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就…….例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.
我剛打開門,他就打了我.
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就…….例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他剛買了這輛車,轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了.
11.16 用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)
1） 兩個動作如按順序發(fā)生,又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,或用then,and,but 等連詞時(shí),
多用一般過去時(shí).例如：
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起來.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了.
2 ） 兩個動作相繼發(fā)生,可用一般過去時(shí)；如第一個動作需要若干時(shí)間完成,
用過去完成時(shí).例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited. 我聽到這個消息后,很興奮.
3） 敘述歷史事實(shí),可不用過去完成時(shí),而只用一般過去時(shí).例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
老師告訴我們,哥倫比亞在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)美州.