動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞都是針對(duì)動(dòng)詞而言,其中動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的特性,可充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語和定語,現(xiàn)在分詞可充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ),表語,定語和狀語.
（1）動(dòng)名詞作賓語（特殊）
①下列動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’t help,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,escape,permit.
②下列動(dòng)詞短語接動(dòng)名詞：leave off,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth.devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be fond of,be worth.
③介詞后要接動(dòng)名詞.what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介詞后接動(dòng)名詞.注意on / upon doing sth.= as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從中.作此意講時(shí)on / upon后也可以接名詞.如on his arrival….
（2）現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作時(shí)間、原因、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語.
①時(shí)間狀語（分詞作狀語前面可加when,while等）
Hearing the good news,he jumped with great joy.
Not having finished her work in time,the boss fired her.
②原因狀語
Seeing nobody at home,he decided to leave them a note
③伴隨狀語
The girls came in,following their parents.
④結(jié)果狀語
The poor old man died,leaving nothing to his children.
注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的幾個(gè)特性.①時(shí)間性.與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,用一般時(shí),如發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前時(shí)則用完成式having done.②語態(tài)性.與句子的主語之間的關(guān)系,是主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系.遵循的規(guī)則“主動(dòng)進(jìn)行,被動(dòng)完成”.③人稱一致性.分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語.
（3）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語,S.+ be + 動(dòng)詞-ing表示主動(dòng),主語是物
（4）現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),S．+ + 賓語 + 現(xiàn)在分詞→正在做某事