1）現(xiàn)在完成進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時皆可表示動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,但前者所表示的結(jié)果是直接的,而后者所表示的則是最后的結(jié)果.如：
We have been cleaning the classroom．（a）
We have cleaned the classroom．（b）
（a）句可譯為“我們打掃教室來著.”其直接結(jié)果可能是：我們身上都是灰.（b）句可以譯為“我們把教室打掃過了.”其結(jié)果是：現(xiàn)在教室很清潔,可以用了.又,（a）句表示教室剛剛打掃過,（b）句則可能表示教室是昨天打掃的.
Be careful! John has been painting the door．（a）
John has painted the door．（b）
（a）句表示約翰剛剛把門油漆過,現(xiàn)在油漆還未干,所以你要小心.（b）句則無此含義,油漆可能已干了.
（2）現(xiàn)在完成進行時有時有延續(xù)性,現(xiàn)在完成時往往沒有.如：
They have been widening the road．（a）
They have widened the road．（b）
（a）句的意思是他們在加寬馬路,但尚未完工.（b）句的意思則是已完工了.有時現(xiàn)在完成時有延續(xù)性（如一些屬于持續(xù)體的動詞）,但無臨時性質(zhì).如：
Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978．（a）
Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979．（b）
（a）句有“史密斯先生在倫敦久居”的含義,（b）句則沒有.
（3）但現(xiàn)在完成進行時并不總是具有臨時的性質(zhì),如：
My mother has been teaching English for twenty years．（a）
My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）
（a）句在此并無臨時性質(zhì),但較口語化.（b）句則較為正式.又,（a）句表示動作現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)．并將延續(xù)下去,（b）句的動作是否延續(xù)下去,須由上下文決定,但在一般情況下都是延續(xù)下去的.
（4）現(xiàn)在完成進行時往往表示動作在重復(fù),現(xiàn)在完成時則常常不帶重復(fù)性.如：
Have you been meeting her lately?（a）
Have you met her lately?（b）
（a）句有“經(jīng)常相會”之意,（b）句則沒有.（b）句如與often,every day等時間狀語連用,當然也表示動作在重復(fù).
（5）現(xiàn)在完成進行時比較生動,有時含有明顯的感情色彩,而現(xiàn)在完成時往往只說明一個事實,一種影響或結(jié)果,平鋪直敘,沒有什么感情色彩可言.如：
What have you been doing?（a）
What have you done?（b）
（a）句表示驚異.（b）句只是一個問題.
Have you been waiting long?（a）
Have you waited long?（b）
（a）句較（b）句生動.又,（a）句比較口語化.
I have been wanting to meet you for long．（a）
I have long wanted to meet you．（b）
（a）句比（b）句更親切,更有禮貌.
Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly．（a）
Recently Mary has done her work regularly．（b）
（a）句顯然是在表揚瑪麗.（b）只說明一個事實.
下面還有一例,頗為有趣:
Who's been eating my apples?（a）
Who's eaten my apples?（b）
（a）句有強烈的感情色彩,表示憤怒不滿,（b）句只是希望回答的一個問題.又,（a）句兼有進行時態(tài),所以有“蘋果未被全部吃光”的意思,（b）句是完成時態(tài),說明“蘋果一個不剩了”.
過去完成時
1） 概念：表示過去的過去
過去完成時：即過去的過去所發(fā)生的事情!
其構(gòu)成是主語+had +過去分詞.
那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句.
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中,發(fā)生在先,用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時.
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本……,未能……"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as.
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
過去完成時的用法（2）
表示過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)完成的動作,常與由when,before等連詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句連用.
When I woke up it had already stopped raining.
我醒來的時候雨就已經(jīng)停了.
I hadn't learned any English before I came here.
我來這兒之前沒學(xué)過英語.
常用于引導(dǎo)這類狀語從句的連詞有：when當……的時候,as soon as一…就,
before在……之前,after在……之后,until直到,等.
過去完成時的用法（3）
用于賓語從句或間接引語中
I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission.
我想知道誰不經(jīng)允許就把雨傘拿去.
He told me that he had passed the exam.
他告訴我他已通過考試.
過去完成時的用法（4）
某些動詞的過去完成時表示一個打算要做卻沒有做成的事.
I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn't get away.
昨晚我本打算來看你,但有人來找,脫不開身.
We had hoped to catch the early bus, but found it was gone.
我們本希望搭早班車,卻發(fā)現(xiàn)車已開了.
這類動詞有：intend打算,hope希望,plan計劃,mean預(yù)定,want想要,
think想要,等.
過去完成時的用法（5）
用于表示與過去事實相反的虛擬條件從句中
If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.
如果你昨天來的話,你就已經(jīng)見到他的面了.
She would have come if she hadn’t been so busy.
要不是這么忙的話,她就已經(jīng)來了.
It was given by him! But I didn't want to accept!
This kind of idea had never been thought about before yesterday!
She will have been left by you at this time of tomorrow.
The bycicle is being repaired by you!
第一個是一般過去時的被動語態(tài).（一般現(xiàn)在時和一般將來時與其類似,只是be動詞的區(qū)別罷了【即was/were與will be與is/are的區(qū)別）
第二個是過去完成時的被動語態(tài).（現(xiàn)在完成時與其類似）
第三個是將來完成時的被動語態(tài).
第四個是現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài).但是,一般來說,這種情況在英語表達中是非常之少的.