主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子的核心,它們之間有兩種語(yǔ)序：一是主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)之前稱為自然語(yǔ)（Natural Order）；二是主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)之后則稱為倒裝語(yǔ)序（Inverted Order）.而倒裝語(yǔ)序中又有全部倒（Full Inversion）和部分倒裝（Partial Inversion）兩種情況.
? 1. 倒裝句之全部倒裝
?
? 全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前.此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和 一般過(guò)去時(shí).常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：
? 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run.
? There goes the bell.
? Then came the chairman.
? Here is your letter.
?
? 2) 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首,謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞.
? Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
? Ahead sat an old woman.
?
? 注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞,如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝.
? Here he comes. Away they went.
?
?2. 倒裝句之部分倒裝
?
? 部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前.如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did,并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前.
?
? 1) 句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ),如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等.
? Never have I seen such a performance.
? Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
? Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
? 當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝.
?
?注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝.
? I have never seen such a performance.
? The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
?
?典型例題
?
?1) Why can't I smoke here?
? At no time___ in the meeting-room
?A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
?C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
?答案A. 這是一個(gè)倒裝問(wèn)題.當(dāng)否定詞語(yǔ)置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu). 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等.本題的正常語(yǔ)序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
?
?2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
? A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
? 答案D. 看到Not until…的句型,我們知道為一倒裝句,答案在C,D 中選一個(gè).
? 改寫為正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)?Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 現(xiàn)在將not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了.
?
?
?3. 以否定詞開(kāi)頭作部分倒裝
?
? 如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
? Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
? Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
? No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
?
?典型例題
?No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
?A. the game began B. has the game begun
?C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
?答案D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時(shí),一般采用倒裝句(謂語(yǔ)前置).這類表示否定意義的詞有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等.
?
?注意：只有當(dāng)Not only… but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí),才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).如果置于句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ),不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).
? Not only you but also I am fond of music.
?
?4. so, neither, nor作部分倒裝
?
? 表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒裝.
? Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
? If you won't go, neither will I.
?
?典型例題
? ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
? ---I don't know, _____.
? A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
?答案：B. nor為增補(bǔ)意思"也不關(guān)心",因此句子應(yīng)倒裝.A錯(cuò)在用 don't 再次否定, C neither 用法不對(duì)且缺乏連詞. D缺乏連詞.
?
? 注意： 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí),不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).意為"的確如此".
? Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
? ---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
?
?
?5. only在句首要倒裝的情況
?
? Only in this way, can you learn English well.
? Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
? 如果句子為主從復(fù)合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝
? Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
?
?6. as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
?
? as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）.
?
?注意：
? 1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞.
? 2) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后.如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ), 隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前.
? Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
?
?注意:
? 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,有though,although時(shí),后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可連用.
?
?7. 其他部分倒裝
?
?1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí),需倒裝.
? So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
?
?2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
? May you all be happy.
?
?3) 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞,可將if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前,采取部分倒裝.
? Were I you, I would try it again.
?
?典型例題：
?1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
?A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
?答案為D. 否定詞Not在句首,要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu).
?
?2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
?A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
? 答案為B.
?
?3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
? I don't know, ___.
? A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
? C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
? 解析：答案為B. 句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示"也不".由 so, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句,表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn).其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中.
?