及物詞組后面能、而且必須直接加上名詞,不及物詞組后面不可以直接加名詞.
動(dòng)詞
1） 表示動(dòng)作中狀態(tài)的詞叫做動(dòng)詞.
2） 根據(jù)其在句中的功能,動(dòng)詞可分為四類,分別是：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（Notional Verb）、系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb）、助動(dòng)詞（Auxiliary Verb）、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（Modal Verb）.
說明：有些情況下,有些動(dòng)詞是兼類詞,例如：
We are having a meeting. 我們正在開會. （having是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞.）
He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約.
（has是助動(dòng)詞.）
3） 動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語,可分為兩類,分別是：及物動(dòng)詞（Transitive Verb）、不及物動(dòng)詞（Intransitive Verb）,縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi..
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英語動(dòng)詞是句子的核心.它既決定著句子意思的表達(dá)同時(shí)又決定著句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu).難怪有人說,英語是動(dòng)詞和介詞的語言.可見研究動(dòng)詞的用法在英語學(xué)習(xí)中是十分重要的.
(一、) 分清及物不及物:
分清動(dòng)詞的及物不及物是在英語學(xué)習(xí)中必須解決的首要問題.動(dòng)詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況：
a．主要用作及物動(dòng)詞.及物動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語.可以用于："主＋謂＋賓"；"主＋謂＋雙賓"；"主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu).如：
He reached Paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
類似的還有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell.
b．主要用作不及物的動(dòng)詞.不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語.只能用與："主＋謂"結(jié)構(gòu).
This is the room where I once lived.
類似的還有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed.
c．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞,其意義不變.如begin 都是作"開始"講.everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 類似的還有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve.
d．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動(dòng)詞,其意義完全不同.
這類動(dòng)詞作不及物動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)意義；而作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)卻是另一個(gè)意義.如lift作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是指煙霧的"消散".we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)是"升高；舉起".
He lifted his glass and drank.
類似的還有：beat vi.跳動(dòng) vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生長 vt. 種植
play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.發(fā)出（氣味） vt. 嗅
ring vi.（電話、鈴）響vt.打電話 speak vi.講話 vt. 說（語言）
hang vi. 懸掛 vt. 絞死 operate vi.動(dòng)手術(shù) vt. 操作
(二、) 辨別表動(dòng)作與表結(jié)果的動(dòng)詞
表動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生,不涉及該動(dòng)詞的結(jié)果.如：
He looked at the picture. He saw a picture .
前一句中的動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)"看"這一動(dòng)作；而后一句中的動(dòng)詞表示"看到"這一結(jié)果.類似的還有：tear at; tear, look for; find, try to do sth.; manage to do sth., prepare for; be prepared for, advise; persuade 等.
(三、) 記住瞬間動(dòng)詞
英語中不少動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在瞬間就可以完成．如：
He arrived in paris yesterday.
而另一些動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作則可以延續(xù)．如：
They worked until 12 o'clock last night.
特別是在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的句子中,瞬間動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)不能跟表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用.瞬間動(dòng)詞有：arrive, borrow, buy, close, fall, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry, open, reach, return, start, stop, recognize.等.
(四、) 掌握好表狀態(tài)的連系動(dòng)詞與表變化的連系動(dòng)詞
英語中的連系動(dòng)詞主要分為兩大類：
a．表狀態(tài)的連系動(dòng)詞.如：he is a good worker. 除了be 而外,還有：stand(位于),lie(位于),stay, have, consist of, belong to, exist, weigh, own.等.
b．另一類連系動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或變化,是由行為動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的.一般在這些連系動(dòng)詞后跟形容詞作表語如：his hair grows grey. 這類連系動(dòng)詞還有: turn, become, taste, smell, sound, look, feel, get...等.
(五、) 注意詞義相近,用法不同的動(dòng)詞
a．表主觀與客觀的動(dòng)詞
I received his invitation last night, but i didn't want to accept it.
該句中,動(dòng)詞receive, accept 都表示"接受"但前者表示客觀地接收到什么東西；后者表示 "I" 的主觀意愿.類似用法的動(dòng)詞還有：listen to; hear, look at; see, must; have to等.
b．表直接與間接的動(dòng)詞
He heard that the scientist would come to our school.
He heard of the news that the scientist would come to our school.
前句中hear的表示直接聽說的,而后一句中hear of 的表示間接聽說的.類似用法的動(dòng)詞還有：know; know of, speak; speak of, talk; talk of等.
(六、) 重視多字動(dòng)詞的用法
所謂多字動(dòng)詞是指動(dòng)詞與某些副詞、介詞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞詞組.一般有四種形式：
a．"動(dòng)詞+介詞"結(jié)構(gòu). 該結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,當(dāng)和一些介詞搭配后,則把它看成一個(gè)整體,即把它看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞.如：
We never thought of such success when we first started.
類似用法的還有：agree to, ask for, attention to, break into, call upon, deal with, laugh at, dream of, listen to, look at, operate on, talk about, rely on, refer to...
b．"動(dòng)詞+副詞"結(jié)構(gòu).該結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞的,該結(jié)構(gòu)及物；是不及物的,則不及物.如：
We put off the sports meet.
After he grew up, he went to london to work for a company.
類似用法的還有: bring about, bring up, call up, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, help out, look up, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put down, put away, put down, put off, put on, ring up, set up, take up, think over, turn down, use up, work out..., wake up, shut up, come about, break out, carry on, come up, fall over, get away, get back, look out, go up, go out, stay up.
在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中,必須注意有的多字動(dòng)詞即及物又可不及物.有的甚至漢語意義也完全不相同.如：
He looked up and saw his teacher in front of him. (vi. 抬起頭看)
He looked up the word in the dictionary. (vt. 查找)
類似的有break down vi.（車等）壞了 vt. 分解,分為 ;
go over vi. 走過去 vt. 復(fù)習(xí),仔細(xì)查看等.
c．"動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞"結(jié)構(gòu).如：
We should do away with that sort of thing.
類似的有：give in to, catch up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with.
d．"動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞"結(jié)構(gòu).該結(jié)構(gòu)是最多,最常見的多字動(dòng)詞.如：
We will take care of them.
類似的有：catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, make fun of, make room for, make sure of, knock out of, have a word with, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take advantage of, take hold of, take note of, take notice of, take part in, take pride in, take possession of, play a trick on, play a part in.
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說明：同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞.例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞.（sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞.）
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲.（sing用作及物動(dòng)詞.）
4） 根據(jù)是否受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制,可分兩類,分別是：限定動(dòng)詞（Finite Verb）、非限定動(dòng)詞（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好.（sing受主語she的限制,故用第三人稱單數(shù)形式sings.）
She wants to learn English well.
她想學(xué)好英語.（to learn不受主語she的限制,沒有詞形變化,是非限定動(dòng)詞.
說明：英語中共有三種非限定動(dòng)詞,分別是：動(dòng)詞不定式（Infinitive）、動(dòng)名詞（Gerund）、分詞（Participle）.
5) 根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的組成形式,可分為三類,分別是：單字詞（One-Word Verb）、短語動(dòng)詞（Phrasal Verb）、動(dòng)詞短語（Verbal Phrase）例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英語里有許多短語動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語.（contains是單字動(dòng)詞.）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
學(xué)生們學(xué)會查字典.（look up是短語動(dòng)詞.）
The young ought to take care of the old.
年輕人應(yīng)照料老人.（take care of是動(dòng)詞短語.）
6）動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài),分別是：原形（Original Form）、第三人稱單數(shù)形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、過去式（Past Form）、過去分詞（Past Participle）、現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle）.
7) 及物動(dòng)詞不需要介詞
在英語錯(cuò)誤中,"及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞＋賓語"（transitive verb+preposition+object）,是常見的一種.所謂及物動(dòng)詞,就是謂語動(dòng)詞（predicative verb）,不必通過介詞引薦賓語.相反的,不及物動(dòng)詞（intransitive verb）是不帶賓語的.有許多動(dòng)詞,雖然性質(zhì)是及物的,但不一定要有賓語,如下列的①a和②a便是這種情形：
①a. We study every day.
b. Do you study English every day.
②a. Please write clearly next time.
b. Can you write your composition now?
如果本質(zhì)上就是不及物動(dòng)詞,就不會有賓語；若要賓語,就要借介詞之助,一起連用才行,如③b和④b;③a和④a是錯(cuò)的；
*③a. The children are listening the music.
b. The children are listening to the music.
*④a. She is laughing the crippled man.
b. She is laughing at the crippled man.
反之,及物動(dòng)詞不必靠介詞,就可以帶賓語,如上述的①b和②b ,又如⑤和 ⑥：
⑤ John is giving a book to me.
⑥ Who will answer this question?
如果無意中把介詞加上,就錯(cuò)了,如：
*⑦ Who will answer to this question?
下列這句從房地產(chǎn)廣告中看到的句子,也犯了同樣的錯(cuò)：
"We have many buyers awaiting for available units here."
"Awaiting"是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,后面的介詞"for"是多余的,要去掉；不然把"awaiting"改為"waiting for"也行.
許多人習(xí)慣上喜歡把介詞加到及物動(dòng)詞后面,然后才帶出賓語.最常見的是"emphasize/stress on/upon"和"discuss about",如：
⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.
⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results.
⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.
顯然的,這三句里的介詞"on/upon"和"about"是多余的,不必要的.
下面是些類似的錯(cuò)誤：
● The young must obey to their elders.
● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.
● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.
● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.
● Do you hope to serve for your nation?
● When did Susan marry with Paul?
介詞"to, on, from, for, with"都要去掉才對.
為什么會有這些錯(cuò)誤呢?主因是分不清楚及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì).其次,就是對同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞及其名詞的句型有些混淆.解決之道有二.第一,要把"及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語"和"不及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞＋賓語"劃分清楚,如：
I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him.
He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.
第二,把及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,然后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和賓語,如：
Don't approach such a person.
Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?