動(dòng)詞不定式中的省略現(xiàn)象
動(dòng)詞不定式中的省略現(xiàn)象可分為兩種情況,一是動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to后的動(dòng)詞部分的省略;二是動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to的省略.
一,省略動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to后的動(dòng)詞部分的情況
1.一些表示心理活動(dòng),情感態(tài)度的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ),如expect \want \hope \wish \love \hate \decide \plan \mean \try \would like \be ready \be afraid \be glad等后,動(dòng)詞不定式省略to后面的動(dòng)詞部分,但保留to.例如:
(1)-I 'll be away on a business trip.Would you mind looking after my dog
-Not at all .I'd be glad to.
(2)-Will you go with me
-Well ,I 'd like to.
(3)-Will you go home tomorrow
-No.I 'm going to a lecture,or at least I am planning to.
2.不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),省略to后的動(dòng)詞部分,即用to代替整個(gè)不定式.例如:
(1)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him not to.
(2)You'd better finish the job on time if he ordered you to.
3.在一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞ought to \have to \used to \be able to后.例如:
(1)-Must I go now
-No.You don 't have to.
(2)-Are you planning to see your grandfather
-No.But I ought to.
二,省略動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to的情況
1.動(dòng)詞不定式作感官動(dòng)詞feel \see \notice \watch \find \hear \listen to \observe和使役動(dòng)詞have \make \let等的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to省略.如果這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),其后的動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to不能省略(但let除外).例如:
(1)We often hear him sing the song at home .
(=He is often heard to sing the song at home.)
(2)The y knew her very well.They had seen her grow up from childhood.
(=They knew her very well.She was seen to grow up from childhood.)
注意:
get作"使,讓,叫某人做某事"時(shí),要用get sb. to do s t h.結(jié)構(gòu).例如:
Mother got Tom to buy a pack of sugar.
2.兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞不定式由連詞and \or \than \but連接時(shí),從第二個(gè)不定式起,往往省略不定式符號(hào)to.但如果強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比之意時(shí)不省略.例如:
(1)She 'd like to take off her coat and have a break.
(2)The students are taught to read,write and do many other things.
(3)I t 's more difficult to do than to say .(強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)意前后對(duì)比)
(4)The teacher came not to punish you but to help you.(強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)意前后對(duì)比)
(5)I wondered whether to study or to work.(強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)意前后對(duì)比)
3.不定式作表語(yǔ),用來(lái)解釋主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)從句中do的精確含義時(shí),往往可以省略動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to.例如:
(1)The first things he did was go up to her trainer and thank her for all her help during her training.
(2)What we want to do now is lie down and rest.
(3)What a dictionary does is help the students to find out the meaning and the usage of new words .
4.在why或why not引起的表示建議或責(zé)問(wèn)的省略問(wèn)句中.例如:
(1)Why get so excited
(2)Why quarrel with your mother
(3)Why not join us,Tom
5.在一些類(lèi)似情態(tài)動(dòng)詞詞組had better \would rather \had best \rather than \can't but \can't help but等之后.例如:
(1)In China it is important to invest in education rather than increase personal wages.
(2)Jack would rather read than talk.
(3)You'd better put on more clothes,or you'll catch a bad cold.
(4)She dares to go to the lonely island by herself.I can 't but admire her bravery.
6.在美國(guó)口語(yǔ)中,用在祈使語(yǔ)氣中表示目的的動(dòng)詞come \go \try \run之后的動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to可省略,也可不省略.例如:
(1)Come tell me if he arrives.
(2)Go tell your mot her.
(3)Run swim together.
(4)Try open the door again.
(5)Try to open the door again.(不省略語(yǔ)氣更強(qiáng)烈)
7.在一些固定短語(yǔ)中,
make believe(假裝)
make do(湊合,設(shè)法對(duì)付)
let slip(說(shuō)出)
leave go(放手)
hear say(聽(tīng)說(shuō))
let pass(忽略)
let be(別打擾).例如:
(1)The teacher didn 't let slip a word to us about the coming exam.
(2)I 've heard say that Mary was about to come .
(3)The boy made believe that he was reading when his father entered .
(4)Let him be.
(5)Don 't leave go(of)the fish.
另外值得注意的幾種情況:
1.need作行為動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式;當(dāng)dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),一般不用于肯定陳述句中;當(dāng)dare作行為動(dòng)詞時(shí),其后既可接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式,也可接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.例如:
(1)I dare to swim across the river.
(2)He dares to say that to his father.
(3)She doesn 't dare(to)answer her teacher 's question.
(4)We need to finish the job before lunch.
2.關(guān)于動(dòng)詞help后接動(dòng)詞不定式的問(wèn)題:一般說(shuō)來(lái),help后既可接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式,也可接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式(在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)及非正式文體中多見(jiàn)不帶to).例如:
(1)Would you like to help me(to)carry the luggage
(2)Help the baby(to)get up,Susan!
3.but \besides \except作介詞,后接動(dòng)詞不定式的情況:如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,反之則要帶to.例如:
(1)She could do nothing but cry .
(2)What do you like to do besides swim
(3)He has no choice but to leave.
4.當(dāng)like或want在由when \whenever \what \whatever \as \if等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中時(shí),其后往往省略整個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式.例如:
(1)Come whenever you like .
(2)Tom,don 't be nervous.
Take whatever you want!
(3)Do anything as you like.
(4)You don 't have to come swimming if you don 't want.