4.5 副詞及其基本用法
副詞主要用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu).
一、副詞的位置：
1） 在動詞之前.
2） 在be動詞、助動詞之后.
3） 多個助動詞時,副詞一般放在第一個助動詞后.
注意：
a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾,但賓語過長,副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡.
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副詞well,badly糟、壞,hard等只放在句尾.
He speaks English well.
二、副詞的排列順序：
1） 時間,地點副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在后.
2） 方式副詞,短的在前,長的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接.
Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多個不同副詞排列：程度+地點+方式+時間副詞.
注意：副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動詞.
改錯：(錯) I very like English.
(對) I like English very much.
注意：副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可.
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
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三、形容詞(adj.) 表示人和事物的特征,對名詞起修飾和描繪作用
四、副詞(adv.) 表示動作特征或性狀,主要修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞及整個句子
(一)形容詞的用法及位置
1.形容詞在句中作定語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等,作定語時一般放在名詞前.
Eg. She has short hair.(作定語)
Paul is tall.(作表語)
We must keep our room clean.(作賓補(bǔ))
2.形容詞修飾不定代詞時放在其后.
eg.She has something important to tell us.／
There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.
(二)副詞的種類、用法及位置
1.副詞的種類
(1)時間副詞
①表示大體時間：now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,sO faf
②表示頻率：always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用：already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
(2)地點副詞
①表地點：here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere
②表位置關(guān)系(后接賓語時,用作介詞)：above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past
(3)方式副詞 表示謂語動詞“怎樣地”,(此類副詞大部分由形容詞加ly構(gòu)成)：badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly
(4)程度副詞 多數(shù)用來修飾形容詞或副詞：much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly
(5)疑問副詞 構(gòu)成特殊疑問句：how,when, where,why
(6)連接副詞 連接主語、賓語或表語從句：how,when,where,why
(7)關(guān)系副詞 引導(dǎo)定語從句：when,where,why
(8)其它性質(zhì)的副詞 對整個句子進(jìn)行說明,一般用逗號與主句隔開：frankly(坦率地說,說真的),generally(一般說來),luckily(幸運(yùn)地是),first of all(首先)等.
2.副詞的用法及位置
(1)修飾動詞作狀語
①多數(shù)位于動詞之后,及物動詞的賓語或介問的賓語之后.
eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.
She speaks English well.
The nurse looks after the babies carefully.
②頻度副詞放在動詞前,情態(tài)動詞和助動詞之后.
eg.He always goes to school On foot.
She was often late for school.
I have never been to Beijing·
(2)修飾形容詞作狀語,放在形容詞前.
eg.He has a very nice watch.
The box is too heavy.
(3)修飾另一副詞作狀語,放在另一副詞前.
eg.She paints quite well.
You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.
(4)作表語,放在系動詞后.
eg.Is anybody in?
(5)作賓語補(bǔ)足語,放在賓語之后.
eg.I saw him out just now.
(6)作定語,放在名詞之后.
eg.There is a man：here On vacation.
(7)疑問副詞、修飾整個句子的副詞以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副詞,一般放在句首.
eg.Finally,I finished the work.
Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.
(8)表示程度的副詞一般放在被修飾詞前,而enough則放在它所修飾的詞后.
eg. He is old enough to go to school.
(三)形容詞和副詞的比較等級
1.比較級、最高級的構(gòu)成
(1)單音節(jié)和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞
①一般在詞尾加er或est
great--greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest
②以e結(jié)尾的只加r或st
nice——nicer----nicest,large——larger—largest.
③以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的,先變y為i,再加er或est
heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest, busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,early——earlier→earliest
④以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞,先雙寫最末的一個輔音字母,再加er或est big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—)fatter→fattest,ht—)fitter→fittest
(2)多音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)詞,前加more為比較級,加(the)most為最高級
careful→more careful——most careful
useful——more useful——most useful
popular→more popular→most popular
carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly
(3)不規(guī)則變化的詞
good／well→better→best
bad／ill／badly→worse→worst
many／much→more→most
little→less→least
old→older／elder→oldest(指年齡大小)／eldest(指長幼順序)
far→farther／further→farthest(指距離)／furthest(指程度)
2.形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級的用法
(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的用法
①用于兩者比較,表示“比…更…”：
“A+系動詞+形容詞比較級+than+B,
eg.I am two years older than my little sister.
“A+謂語動詞+副詞比較級+than+B：
eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.
②用于兩者之間的同級比較,表示“…和…一樣”：
“A+系動詞+as+形容詞原級+as+B,
eg.Bill is as funny as his father.
“A+謂語動詞+as+副詞原級+as+B”
eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.
③表示甲在某方面不如乙：
“A+系動詞+notas／so+形容i司原級+as十B”
eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.
“A+助動詞／情態(tài)動詞+not+謂語動詞+aS／SO+B”
eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.
④表示某個范圍內(nèi)的兩者相比：
“A十動詞十the+比較級+of短語(比較范圍)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是這兩個女孩中較高的一個.
⑤表示“越來越…”：“比較級+and+比較級”
eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天變得越來越長.
⑥表示“越…越…”：“the+比較級…the+比較級”
eg.The mort：you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英語練得越多,就會學(xué)得越好.
①可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修飾比較級表示程度,但決不可用very修飾.
eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一點；
it is even colder today than yesterday. 今天甚至比昨天更冷
⑧在比較級中,為了避免重復(fù),可用that或those代替前面提到過的事情.
eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.這兒比我的老家熱得多.
The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.這家商店的褲子比那家商店的褲子質(zhì)量好得多.
(3)形容詞和副詞最高級的用法
對三者或三者以上的人或物進(jìn)行比較時用最高級.形容詞最高級前面要加定冠詞the,副詞最高級前可加the,也可省掉the；后面可帶of／in短浯來說明比較范圍：
“主語+系動詞+the+形容詞最高級+of短語／in短語”
eg.She is the youngest Of all.
“A+謂語動詞+(the)+最高級+of短語／in短語”
eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.
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adjective] 很多語言中均有的主要詞類中的一種.主要用來修飾名詞的詞,表示事物的特征.形容詞用來修飾名詞或代詞, 表示人或事物的性質(zhì), 狀態(tài),和特征.
用法
形容詞在句中作定語, 表語, 賓語,補(bǔ)語.
She is a good student, and she works hard.
她是一個好學(xué)生,她學(xué)習(xí)努力.
This bike is expensive.
這輛自行車很貴.
I am sorry, I'm busy now.
對不起,我現(xiàn)在很忙.
Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
你為這次會議做好準(zhǔn)備嗎?
形容詞在句中的位置:
形容詞作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前.如果有兩個或兩個以上的形容詞修飾一個名詞時, 則由它們和被修飾的名詞之間的密切程度而定, 越密切的形容詞越靠近名詞.如果幾個形容詞的密切程度差不多則按音節(jié)少的形容詞放在前面, 音節(jié)多的形容詞放在后面.
英語單詞中,something, anything, nothing 等不定代詞被形容詞修飾時,形容詞放在名詞后面.
I have something important to tell you.
我有重要的事要告訴你.
Is there anything interesting in the film.
電影里有什么有趣的內(nèi)容嗎?
There is nothing dangerous here.
這兒一點都不危險.
由兩個或兩個以上的詞組成的形容詞詞組修飾名詞時須放在名詞之后.
This is the book easy to read.
這是一本容易讀的書.
用 and 或 or 連接起來的兩個形容詞作定語時一般把它們放在被修飾的名詞后面.起進(jìn)一步解釋的作用.
Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.
每一個人,男女老少,都應(yīng)該參加會議.
You can take any box away, big or small.
這些箱子,不管大小,你都可以拿走.
形容詞的比較級和最高級:
絕大多數(shù)形容詞有三種形式,原級,比較級和最高級, 以表示形容詞說明的性質(zhì)在程度上的不同.
形容詞的比較級和最高級:
形容詞的比較級和最高級形式是在形容詞的原級形式的基礎(chǔ)上變化的. 分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化.
規(guī)則變化:
1) 單音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級形式是在詞尾加 -er 和 -est 構(gòu)成.
great (原級) greater(比較級) greatest(最高級)
2) 以 -e 結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級是在詞尾加 -r 和 -st 構(gòu)成.
wide (原級) wider (比較級) widest (最高級)
3)少數(shù)以-y, -er, -ow, -ble結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級是在詞尾加 -er 和 -est 構(gòu)成.
clever(原級) cleverer(比較級) cleverest(最高級)
4) 以 -y 結(jié)尾,但 -y 前是輔音字母的形容詞的比較級和最高級是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 構(gòu)成.
happy (原形) happier (比較級) happiest (最高級)
5) 以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾其前面的元音字母發(fā)短元音的形容詞的比較級和最高級是雙寫該輔音字母然后再加 -er和-est.
big (原級) bigger (比較級) biggest (最高級)
6) 雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級需用more 和 most 加在形容詞前面來構(gòu)成.
beautiful (原級)? difficult (原級)
more beautiful (比較級) more difficult (比較級)
most beautiful (最高級) most difficult (最高級)
不規(guī)則變化
原級 比較級 最高級
good better best
many more most
much more most
bad worse worst
little less least
ill worse worst
far farther(further) farthest(furthest)
deep deeper deepest
tall taller tallest
形容詞前如加 less 和 lest 則表示"較不"和"最不"
important 重要 less important 較不重要 lest important 最不重要
形容詞比較級的用法:
形容詞的比較級用于兩個人或事物的比較,其結(jié)構(gòu)形式如下:
主語+謂語(系動詞)+ 形容詞比較級+than+ 對比成分. 也就是, 含有形容詞比較級的主句+than+從句.注意從句常常省去意義上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下對比的成分.
Our teacher is taller than we are.
我們老師的個子比我們的高.
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
今天的天氣比昨天暖和.
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
這張照片比那張照片漂亮.
This meeting is less important than that one.
這次會議不如那次會議重要.
The sun is much bigger than the moon.
太陽比月亮大得多.
形容詞最高級的用法:
形容詞最高級用于兩個以上的人和物進(jìn)行比較, 其結(jié)構(gòu)形式為:
主語+謂語(系動詞)+the+形容詞最高級+名詞+表示范圍的短語或從句.
She is the best student in her class.
她是班上最好的學(xué)生.
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
上海是中國最大城市之一.
This is the biggest apple I have ever met.
這是我見到的最大的蘋果.
Tom is the tallest boy in his basketball team.
湯姆是他們籃球隊中個子最高的孩子.
幾個特殊用法:
most 同形容詞連用而不用 the,表示 "極,很,非常, 十分".
It's most dangerous to be here.
在這兒太危險.
I cannot do it, it's most difficult.
我干不了這件事,太難了.
"The+形容詞比較級..., the+形容詞比較級..."表示 " 越... 就越...".
The more you study, the more you know.
你學(xué)的越多, 就知道的越多.
The more I have, the more I want.
我越有就越想要有.
The more, the better.
越多越好.
" 形容詞比較級 + and + 形容詞比較級 ", 表示 " 越來越... ".
It's getting hotter and hotter.
天氣越來越熱了.
It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer.
真可憐他越來越窮了.
The computer is cheaper and cheaper.
計算機(jī)越來越便宜.
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year.
越來越多的人關(guān)注明年的會議.
主語+謂語(系動詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句.表示兩者對比相同.
This box is as big as mine.
這個盒子和我的一樣大.
This coat is as cheap as that one.
這件衣服同那件衣服一樣便宜.
I study English as hard as my brother.
我同我兄弟一樣學(xué)習(xí)努力.
用形容詞表示類別和整體
the + 形容詞 表示某種人.
He always helps the poor.
他經(jīng)常幫助窮人.
I like to have a talk with the young.
我喜歡同年輕人談話.
The rich sometimes complain their empty life.
富人有時抱怨他們空虛的生活.
The police led the old man across the street.
警察領(lǐng)老人橫過馬路.
以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞
1） 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞.但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞.
改錯：(錯） She sang lovely.
（錯） He spoke to me very friendly.
（對） Her singing was lovely.
（對） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞.
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序
多個形容詞修飾名詞時,其順序為：
限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --出處--材料性質(zhì),類別--名詞
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞；如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的方在后,在不能確定時,可參照下表：
限定詞+數(shù)量詞（序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后）+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞
old + brown + wood + table
典型例題:
1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案：C.由"限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --性質(zhì)--名詞"的公式可知數(shù)詞,描繪詞,性質(zhì)依次順序,只有C符合答案.
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞,他們的排列順序是：年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國家+名詞.
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案：B.本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題.