1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí).
The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中. Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái)?
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性.
I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作.
再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.
第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,
表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).
2 一般過去時(shí)
1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài).
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等.
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作.
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了. It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了.
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事' I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等.
I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些.
比較： 一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在.
Christine was an invalid all her life. (含義：她已不在人間.)
Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語(yǔ)氣.
1） 動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等.
Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me.
2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would. Could you lend me your bike?
3 一般將來時(shí)
1) shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替.
will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在爭(zhēng)求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱.
Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式,表示將來.
a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖,即將做某事. What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事. The play is going to be produced next month.
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表將來,按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事.
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事.
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.
4 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來
1） 下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來.
這主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情.
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3) 或條件句中. When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后.
I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
5 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系.動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).
其構(gòu)成：have (has) +過去分詞.
& 比較過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1）過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響.
2）過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,或無時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).
一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, this morning, tonight,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, already, recently
3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, work, study, know.
過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等.
I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了.）
I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了.）
Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了.）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子,可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng).）
She has returned from Paris.她已從巴黎回來了.She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來了.
He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán),joined為短暫行為.)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? ---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, in 1960）時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過去時(shí).
（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
6 過去完成時(shí)
1） 概念：表示過去的過去----|-------|-----|---->其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成.
2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句.
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 狀語(yǔ)從句 在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時(shí). When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,
用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as.
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
7 將來完成時(shí)
1) 構(gòu)成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念 a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài).b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn).
They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
8 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：
a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情. We are waiting for you.
b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行.
Mr. Green is writing another novel. (說話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài).)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等.
The leaves are turning red. It's getting warmer and warmer.
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),
往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩. You are always changing your mind.