直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)
一． 基本概念
1、直接引語(yǔ)：一字不改地引述別人的話 He said,“I am a student．”(帶引號(hào))
2．間接引語(yǔ)：用說(shuō)話人自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話 He said he was a student．
二． 直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)（一）（人稱變換規(guī)則同下）
1．如果直接引語(yǔ)所在的句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài),改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變.
Eg.He says “I didn’t go to school today.”
He says that he didn’t go to school that day .
2．如果直接引語(yǔ)講述的是客觀真理現(xiàn)象,改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),其一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)不變.
Eg.The teacher said ,“The earth is round .”
The teacher said that the earth is round .
三．直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)（二）
1．如果說(shuō)話時(shí)間與引述時(shí)間不同,即引述某人過(guò)去說(shuō)過(guò)的話,則動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要作相應(yīng)的變化即動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)一律向過(guò)去推移一步.（主句為過(guò)去式時(shí)）
2．變換規(guī)則（指的是間接引語(yǔ)中的從句部分）
（1）人稱的變化 ------ 一隨主,二隨賓,三不變
（2）指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞的變化
1〉指示代詞的變化
this---- that these----those
2〉時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的變化
now---- then,ago---- before,today----that day,yesterday----the day before,tomorrow----the next day,the day before yesterday----two days before,the day after tomorrow----two days later,next week/month,etc.---- the next week/month,etc.last week/month,etc.---- the week/month before
3〉地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的變化
here----there
4〉動(dòng)詞的變化
come----go
（3）時(shí)態(tài)的變化
1〉一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)-------一般過(guò)去時(shí)
2〉現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)-------過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
3〉現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)-------過(guò)去完成時(shí)
4〉一般過(guò)去時(shí)-------過(guò)去完成時(shí)
5〉過(guò)去完成時(shí)-------過(guò)去完成時(shí)
6〉一般將來(lái)時(shí)-------過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
四．變換類型
1．直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句
直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句,用that引導(dǎo)（口語(yǔ)中可以省略）.
e．g．直接引語(yǔ)：The teacher told the students,“I will give you a surprise． ”
間接引語(yǔ)：The teacher told the students that she would give them a surprise．
2．直接引語(yǔ)為疑問(wèn)句（1）
直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí),由whether或if引導(dǎo),用陳述句的語(yǔ)序
e．g．直接引語(yǔ)：He said to us,“Are you going away today?”
間接引語(yǔ)：He asked us whether/if we were going away that day．
直接引語(yǔ)為疑問(wèn)句（2）
直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),其關(guān)聯(lián)詞用相應(yīng)的疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞,其后用陳述語(yǔ)序
e．g．直接引語(yǔ)：She asked,“Who will help me finish the job?”
間接引語(yǔ)：She asked who would help her finish the job．
e．g．直接引語(yǔ)：He asked,“What have you done?”
間接引語(yǔ)：He asked what I had done．
直接引語(yǔ)為疑問(wèn)句（3）
直接引語(yǔ)為選擇疑問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)用whether…or…
e．g．直接引語(yǔ)：“Do you like tea or coffee?” she asked me.
間接引語(yǔ)：She asked me whether I liked tea or coffee．
3．直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句
直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)將祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式.它的否定是在to前加not.它沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的變化.其他的變化和直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句的情況相同.
e．g．直接引語(yǔ)：I said to her,“Please give me a glass of water.”
間接引語(yǔ)：I asked her to give me a glass of water．
直接引語(yǔ)：He said,“Don’t make so much noise,boys.”
間接引語(yǔ)：He told the boys not to make so much noise.
4．直接引語(yǔ)為感嘆句
直接引語(yǔ)若是感嘆句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)多采用賓語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu),即可用what或how引導(dǎo),也可用that引導(dǎo)
e．g．直接引語(yǔ)：“ What a clever boy you are!” ,my teacher said to him.
間接引語(yǔ)：My teacher told him what a clever boy he was.
My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy.