直接引語和間接引語
直接引語是直接引述別人的原話,原話用有引號,而間接引語是引述別人的話,不用引號.間接引語在多數(shù)情況下構(gòu)成賓語從句.直接引語改為間接引語時,引述動詞是現(xiàn)在時,則間接引語中的動詞、時間、時態(tài)的形式不變.例如：She says,“ I’ll never forget the moment變成間接引語為She says that she’ll never forget the moment.但是如引述動詞為過去時,間接引語中的動詞、時間、時態(tài)、地點、人稱等一般要作相應(yīng)的變化.遵循下列規(guī)律：
三要素.
我們要很好地掌握直接引語變間接引語這一語法項目,關(guān)鍵要掌握下列“三要素”.
要素一：陳述句的間接引語——連接詞用that,在口語中可省略.引述動詞用said,told,,等.例如：
1) He said:“I’ve left my book in my room.”→
He told me that he had left his book in his room.
2) She said:“He will be busy.”→
She said that he would be busy.
要素二：疑問句的間接引語.一般疑問句后連接詞用if或whether,而引述選擇疑問句時只能用whether,引述動詞用asked,沒有間接引語的可以加一個間接賓語me,him等,例如：
She said to Tom,“Can you help me?”→
She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
1) She asked,“Is this book yours or his?”→
She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
2) 特殊疑問句用原句中的疑問詞作連接詞,改為陳述語序.例如：
The teacher asked,“how did you repair it?” →
The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.
要素三：祈使句的間接引語——采用“動詞+賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu).
told
即 asked sb.(not) to do sth.
ordered
warned
注意：引語中的呼語可改成賓語.引語中的please 去掉,動詞改為 ask
1) The teacher said to the students,“Don’t waste your time.” →
The teacher told the students not to waste their time.
2) The mother said,“Tom,get up early,please.”→
The mother asked Tom to get up early.
“五不變”
在直接引語變間接引語時,還要注意以下五種不變的特殊情況.
1． 直接引語如果是客觀真理,諺（習(xí)）語,變間接引語時時態(tài)不變.例如：
The teacher said,“The earth goes round the sun.”→
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
My father said,“Practice makes perfect.”→
My father said practice makes perfect.
2.直接引語中被引述的部分是反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的,習(xí)慣性的動作或說話時情況仍然存在的,變間接引語時,時態(tài)保持不變,例如：
The boy said to us,“ I usually get up at six every day.”→
The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.
He said,“We are still students.’→
He said they are still students.
3． 直接引語如果有明確的表示過去的時間狀語,時態(tài)不變.例如：
He said to me,“I was born in 1978.”→
He told me that he was born in 1978.
The engineer said,“I was at college in 1967.”→
The engineer said he was at college in 1967.
4．直接引語中凡有When,since,while 引導(dǎo)的從句,在變?yōu)殚g接引語時,只改變主句時態(tài),從句的時態(tài)不變.例如：
He said,“I have studied English since I was a boy.” →
He said he had studied English since he was a boy.
She said,“I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.→
She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.
Mr.Green said to them,“Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”→
Mr.Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.
5．如果直接引語中引述部分含有insist,suggest,demand等引導(dǎo)的虛擬賓語從句,變間接引語時,引語中的主從句時態(tài)都不變.例如：
He said,“We insisted that she start immediately.→
He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.
She said,“He demanded that the girl leave at once.”→
She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
另外,如果說話人轉(zhuǎn)述自己的話,人稱則可不變.例如：
I said to him,“I have finished it.”→I told him I had finished it.
如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,here不必變?yōu)閠here,come不必改為go,如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述,則today,yesterday,tomorrow等狀語也不必變化.例如：
She said to us,I’ll come here tomorrow.”→
She told us she would come here tomorrow.