初中英語知識總結(jié)－－短語、詞組和重點句型歸納短語、詞組歸納
由動詞開頭構(gòu)成的短語、詞組很多.復習時應分類處理：
一、動詞+介詞
1．look at…看…,look like … 看上去像……,
look after …照料…
2．listen to…聽……
3．welcome to…歡迎到……
4．say hello to …向……問好
5．speak to…對……說話
此類短語相當于及物動詞,其后必須帶賓語,但賓語無論是名詞還是代詞,都要放在介詞之后.如：
This is my new bike. Please look it after.(×)
This is my new bike. Please look after it.(√)
二、動詞+副詞
“動詞+副詞”所構(gòu)成的短語義分為兩類：
A．動詞（vt.）+副詞
1．put on 穿上 2．take off脫下 3．write down記下
此類短語可以帶賓語,賓語若是名詞,放在副詞前后皆可；賓語若是人稱代詞,只能放在副詞的前面.試比較：
First listen to the tape, then write down the answer/write the answer down. (√)
First listen to the answer, then write down it.(×)
First listen to the answer, then write it down.(√)
B．動詞（vi）+副詞.
1．come on趕快 2．get up起床 3．go home回家 4．come in進來 5．sit down坐下 6．stand up起立
此類短語屬于不及物動詞,不可以帶賓語.
三、其它類動詞詞組
1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to work/class 4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper 7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games 10. play games.
介詞短語聚焦
“介詞+名詞/代詞”所構(gòu)成的短語稱為介詞短語.現(xiàn)將Unitsl-16常用的介詞短語按用法進行歸類.
1．in+語言/顏色/衣帽等,表示使用某種語言或穿著…….如：in English,in the hat
2．in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在……排/隊/班級/年級”等.
3．in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段時間.
4．in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在書桌/鉛筆盒/臥室里”.
5．in the tree表示“在樹上 (非樹本身所有)”；on the tree表示“在樹上(為樹本身所有)”.如：There are some in the tree. There are many apples on the trees.
6．in the wall表示“在墻上（凹陷進去）”；on the wall表示“在墻上（指墻的表面）”.如：There’re four windows in the wall, and there is a map on the back wall.
7．a(chǎn)t work（在工作）/at school（上學）/at home（在家）應注意此類短語中無the.
8．a(chǎn)t + 時刻表示鐘點.如：at six, at half , past ten.
9．like this/that表示方式,意為“像……這/那樣”.
10．of短語表示所屬關系.如：a picture of a classroom, a map of China.
11．behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名詞等,表示方位、處所.如：beside/ near the door, under/ behind the tree.
12．from與to多表示方向,前者意為“從……”,后者意為“到……”.如：from one to ten, (go) to school/ bed/ work.
另外,以下這些短語也必須掌握.如：on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on one’s bike等.
重點句型大回放
1．I think…意為“我認為……”,是對某人或某事的看法或態(tài)度的一種句型.其否定式常用I don’t think…,如：I think he’s Mr Zhinag. (L17)I don’t think you are right.
2．give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意為“把……給……”,動詞give之后可接雙賓語,可用這兩種句型；若指物的賓語是人稱代詞時,則只能用give it/ them to sb. 如：
His parents give him a nice purse./His parents give a nice purse to him. Give it to Mr Hu.(L57)
3．take sb./ sth. to…意為“把……(送)帶到……”,后常接地點,也可接人.如：
Please take the new books to the classroom.
4．One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意為“一個是……；另一個是……”,必須是兩者中.如：One is red and one is grey.(L50)或 One is red, the other is grey.
5．Let sb. do sth. 意為“讓某人做某事”,人后應用不帶to的動詞不定式,其否定式為Don’t let sb,do sth.,或Let sb. not do sth. 另外,Let’s 與Let us的含義不完全相同,前者包括聽者在內(nèi),后者不包括聽者在內(nèi),如：Let’s go for a walk./Let us try once more, please.
6．help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意為“幫助某人做某事”,前者用不定式作賓補,后者用介詞短語作賓補,二者可以互換.如：Let me help you find it.(L42)/Let me help you with it.
7．What about…?/How about…?意為“……怎么樣?”是用來詢問或征求對方的觀點、意見、看法等.about為介詞,其后須接名詞、代詞或V-ing等形式.如：What/How playing chess?
8．It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意為“該做……的時間了”,其中to后須接原形動詞,for后可接名詞或V-ing形式.如：It’s time to have supper. =It’s time for supper.
9．like to do sth./like doing sth.意為“喜歡做某事”,如：Li Lei and his friends like to play in the tree house. (L 43)前一種句型側(cè)重具體的一次性的動作；后一種句型側(cè)重習慣性的動作,試比較：
Tom likes swimming, but doesn’t like to swim this afternoon.
10．a(chǎn)sk sb.(not) to do sth. 意為“讓某人(不要)做某事”,其中ask sb.后應接動詞不定式,如：
Ask your friends to guess what is in it. (L44)
11．show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意為“把某物給某人看”,該句型的用法同前面第2點.如：
Show your friend your family photo.（L36）/Show your family photo to your friend.
12．introduce sb. to sb. 意為“把某人介紹給另一人”；introduce to sb.則是“向某人作介紹”.如：Introduce your family to her.