形容詞一般用在名詞的前面,起到修飾名詞的作用,如：鮮艷的花朵,此處鮮艷的為形容詞是修飾名詞花朵的.
引用說明：
形容詞
1.作定語修飾名詞
(1)只能作定語的形容詞有：latter (后者),little,live (活著的),lone (孤獨(dú)的),main,only,real,inner,outer,wooden,elder等.
(2)多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其排列順序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~(冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞)+數(shù)詞+(序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞)+描繪形容詞(beautiful,good,interesting , kind)+特征形容詞(大小、長短、高低、形狀、年齡、新舊)+顏色+國籍+材料.如：those large round black wooden tables那些大的黑色木圓桌.
(3)形容詞作定語時(shí),下列情況要后置：
修飾由some,any,every,no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí).如：something important
某些表語形容詞作定語時(shí).如：
He was the only Enghishman presented.他是惟一到場的英國人.
表示數(shù)量的詞組.如：a building six storeys high
形容詞短語作定語時(shí).如：a student worthy of praise
else要放在疑問代詞或復(fù)合不定代詞之后.如：
Did you see anybody else? 你見到別的人了嗎?
2.作表語
(1)與系動(dòng)詞be,grow,get, become,turn,appear,seem, remain, stay (保持),feel,look,smell, taste,sound等連用作表語.
(2)形容詞difficult,hard,dangerous,necessary,safe,unsafe, useful,pleasant,possible,impossible,probable等作表語時(shí),主語一般是物或形式主語 it而不是人.
①He is necessary to do it. (×)
②It is necessary for him to do it. (√) 他很有必要做那件事.
注意表語形容詞的用法：
ill, well意為“有病的”,“身體健康的”時(shí)只能作表語;作定語時(shí)ill為sick,well改為healthy.
以a-開頭的afraid,alike,awake,alone,asleep一般作表語,作定語時(shí)要后置.
修飾表語形容詞一般不用very,而用much或其它副詞.如：much afraid,fast (sound) asleep,wide awake, well worth等.
worth和worthy用法不同：be worth+價(jià)值名詞或動(dòng)詞-ing；be worthy to be done,be worthy of+名詞或being done.此外, worth只作表語,而worthy既可作表語,又可作定語.如： a worthy winner(當(dāng)之無愧的勝利者)
3. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語
(1)動(dòng)詞cut, find, keep, leave, make, push, tear等后用形容詞作賓補(bǔ).如cut sth. short , keep/ push/ tear sth. open等.
(2)某些動(dòng)詞詞組中用形容詞作賓補(bǔ).如：drive sb mad,make sb angry,set sb free等.
4. 作狀語表示伴隨、原因、結(jié)果等,常用逗號(hào)與句子其它成分隔開.如：At last he got home, tired and hungry.
5. 形容詞的比較級(jí)
(1)有兩種比較級(jí)(最高級(jí))形式的形容詞
① old --older –oldest (用于人、物、可與than連用) elder-- eldest (用于兄弟姊妹,不能與than連用)
②far --farther --farthest (表距離) further-- furthest (表距離,還有“進(jìn)一步”之意)
③late-- later --latest (表示時(shí)間) latter-- last (表示順序)
(2)常用句型
①as+原級(jí)+as (as+原級(jí)+a／an+單數(shù)名詞+as),否定式為not as／so+原級(jí)+as
②比較級(jí)+than+比較對(duì)象(1ess+原級(jí)+比較對(duì)象)
③比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)或more and more+原級(jí)
④the+比較級(jí)…,the+比較級(jí)…
⑤the +最高級(jí)(+單數(shù)名詞)+of／among+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或in+單數(shù)名詞
⑥be one of/ among+ the+最高級(jí)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞
⑦the last+原級(jí)(+單數(shù)名詞)+of/ among+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或in+單數(shù)名詞
使用比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的注意事項(xiàng)
① 比較對(duì)象要一致
誤：His handwriting is more beautiful than Li Ming.
正：His handwriting is more beautiful than Li Ming’s .
他的字比李明的漂亮.
②避免自我比較,適當(dāng)運(yùn)用other或else (與不定代詞連用).整體句型為：
比較級(jí)+than+any other+單數(shù)名詞 (any of the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或anyone else)
誤：John studies harder than any student in his class.
John屬于any student中的一位,沒有排除自身比較,應(yīng)改為：
John studies harder than any other student in his class.
John studies harder than any of the other students in his class.
John studies harder than anyone else in his class.
約翰他班上其他任何學(xué)生都用功.(約翰是他們班上最用功的學(xué)生.)
(3) 比較級(jí)前的修飾語
修飾原級(jí)的有：fairly,pretty,quite, rather, so, too, very等.
比較級(jí)的修飾語有：a little (bit),slightly,any,some等表示“一點(diǎn)點(diǎn),稍微”；many,much,a lot,far, by far“…得多”；even,still“更(甚)……”.
修飾最高級(jí)用如by, much,almost,nearly或序數(shù)詞.
注意：
by far位于比較級(jí)之后(比較級(jí)前有定冠詞時(shí)置于比較級(jí)之前),且不與than連用；修飾最高級(jí)時(shí)置于最高級(jí)之前或之后.
(4) 比較級(jí)前的冠詞
①比較級(jí)前一般不加冠詞.但表示兩者中較突出者,且比較級(jí)后又有名詞或出現(xiàn)了of the two,這時(shí)比較級(jí)前一定要加the.
a: Which is the larger country, Canada or Australian? 加拿大和澳大利亞,哪個(gè)國家更大?
b: Of the two jobs,he chose the harder.在兩項(xiàng)工作中他選擇了較艱苦的那一個(gè).
② 形容詞最高級(jí)要與the連用.但表示自身比較時(shí)可省去the.
The town is most beautiful at night.這座城鎮(zhèn)在晚上最美.
6.倍數(shù)的表示方法
(1)倍數(shù)+the size (height,length,width)of…
(2)倍數(shù)+as+原級(jí)+as
(3)倍數(shù)+比較級(jí)+ than
副詞
1. 副詞的分類
(1)時(shí)間副詞,如：today, now, then, ago, before, early, late, soon等.
(2)表示頻度和重復(fù)的時(shí)間副詞,如：always, often, never, hardly, again, once等.
(3)地點(diǎn)和方位副詞,如：everywhere, here, there, home, near, away, above, below, across, in, out, inside, up, down, upstairs, around, back, behind等.
(4)方式副詞,如：hard, well, together, clearly, slowly, politely, suddenly等.
(5)程度副詞,如：much, quite, rather, almost, even, just, still, nearly, only, very等.
2. 副詞的用法及位置
(1) 作狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞、介詞短語及全句.其位置如下：
①時(shí)間副詞和地點(diǎn)副詞一般放在句末,若兩種副詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn),則地點(diǎn)副詞在前,時(shí)間副詞在后,也可把時(shí)間副詞放在句首.
He did his work here yesterday.他昨天在這里工作.
②頻度副詞放在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前,助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及be動(dòng)詞之后.
You must always wait in a queue.你必須排隊(duì).
③程度副詞放在所修飾的形容詞之前(enough則放在后面).如：very careful, old enough.
④方式副詞修飾不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),放在所修飾的詞之后；修飾及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),放在動(dòng)詞之前或賓語之后.如賓語較長,也可將副詞放在動(dòng)詞與賓語之間.
a: Jane’s father works hard.簡的父親工作努力.
b: Bill did the work very well. 比爾做工作很好.
c: He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 他認(rèn)真地給朋友們寫信.
⑤修飾介詞時(shí)(well, right, just, soon等)放在介詞之前；修飾全句時(shí)(frankly, briefly, personally, luckily, generally speaking等)放在句首.
(2) 作表語.作表語的副詞一般是表示地點(diǎn)及位置的副詞.如：They are downstairs.
(3) 作定語.作定語的副詞一般是表示地點(diǎn)、位置的副詞,還有一些表示時(shí)間的副詞,都作后置定語.如：In the streets below, there are other problems.
(4) 作介詞賓語.如：in here,from abroad,since then,until recently,until very late等.
3. 易混淆的副詞
(1) also, too, either, as well
also和too用于肯定句,either用于否定句.also放在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后,too常置于句末.as well與too可互換.
(2) already, yet , still
already(已經(jīng)),用于肯定句；yet(已經(jīng))用于否定句或疑問句；still(還、仍然)一般用于肯定句或疑問句中.
(3) ago, before
ago表示“現(xiàn)在以前”某一時(shí)刻,常用于一般過去時(shí).before表示“過去某一時(shí)間以前”,一般用于過去完成時(shí)；單獨(dú)使用時(shí),泛指以前,用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般過去時(shí).
(4) fast, soon
fast表示“速度快”,soon側(cè)重指兩件事情先后發(fā)生,中間間隔的時(shí)間短.
(5) just, just now
just “剛才”,常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).just now“剛才,不久以前”,常用于一般過去時(shí).
(6) so…that, such…that
so修飾形容詞、副詞；such修飾名詞.另外還要注意以下兩點(diǎn)：
名詞前有表示“多”(many,much)、“少”(1ittle,few)的形容詞時(shí),要用so.
修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí),so與such可互換,但詞序不同.如：such a good student相當(dāng)于so good a student.
(7) almost , nearly
在not,pretty,very后只能用nearly.
在any,never,no,none前只能用almost.
其它情況下可互換.
(8) fairly, quite, rather
按程度強(qiáng)弱排列,順序?yàn)椋簉ather, quite, fairly.
fairly多用于褒義；rather多用于貶義形容詞、too及比較級(jí)前.
quite和rather可修飾名詞,置于“不定冠詞+名詞之前”.如：quite a good story, rather a strong wind.
(9)much too, too much
much too修飾形容詞、副詞；too much修飾不可數(shù)名詞,也可單獨(dú)作主語、賓語或表語.
4. 兩種形式的副詞在含義上的區(qū)別
close接近地 closely密切地,嚴(yán)密地
free免費(fèi)地 freely無拘束地,自由地
hard努力地 hardly幾乎不
most很,非常 mostly主要地
wide廣闊,充分 widely廣泛地
high高(具體) highly高度地,非常地
deep深(具體) deeply深深地(抽象)
loud大聲地 loudly大聲地(含有喧鬧的意思)
near鄰近 nearly幾乎
late遲 lately近來
5. 某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞.如：friendly,deadly,likely,lively,lonely,lovely,orderly, silly,timely等.
介詞
1. 掌握常用介詞的基本用法及易混介詞的區(qū)別
常用介詞數(shù)量多,且每個(gè)介詞都有多種用法,復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真掌握.如beyond就有以下四種用法：
(1)(時(shí)間)過了,比……晚,遲于It won’t go on beyond midnight.這不會(huì)持續(xù)到午夜以后.
(2) (位置)在……那邊,在……以外
The airport is 30 miles beyond the town.機(jī)場在離城30英里以外的地方.
(3)(范圍)超過,為……所不及,超出……的范圍
The bike is beyond repair. 這輛自行車已不能修理了.
(4) 除……之外(用于否定句或疑問句)
I know nothing beyond this. 除此之外,我什么都不知道.
學(xué)習(xí)介詞時(shí),還要注意區(qū)分那些含義相近的介詞的區(qū)別.如表示“行路方式”的介詞有by, in, on,但用法不同：by car,in a car,on／in a bus,on a bike,on foot.
2. 掌握常用介詞搭配
(1)介詞與動(dòng)詞搭配.如：agree with,believe in,depend on,refer to等.
(2)介詞與形容詞搭配.如：absent from,blind in,fond of,clever at等.
(3)介詞與名詞搭配.如：love for,contribution to, victory over, struggle against, key to等.
(4) 介詞與其他詞構(gòu)成固定的常用副詞性短語.
如：above all, in turn,in particular, on the other hand, for the time being等.
3. 介詞的省略
表示時(shí)間的名詞前有one,any,each,every, some,all, this,that,next,last,yesterday,tomorrow等時(shí),名詞前不用任何介詞.
4. 謹(jǐn)防介詞遺漏
(1)當(dāng)不定式作狀語與句子主語有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,或不定式作定語與所修飾的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,且該不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),必須加介詞.
①The chair is comfortable to sit to on (in).
②They are looking for a room to live in.
(2)在“be+形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)后帶賓語時(shí),介詞不可遺漏.
What are you afraid of? 你害怕什么?
(3) 在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,短語動(dòng)詞中的介詞不能遺漏.
Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 應(yīng)該注意你的發(fā)音.
(4) 在定語從句中,如關(guān)系代詞是從句謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語,且這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),必須加上介詞.
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.
我們常去的那個(gè)圖書館距離我們學(xué)校很遠(yuǎn).