非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞.為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法和含義,我們將分別從三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句子中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、
表語(yǔ)以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來(lái)區(qū)分其用法和細(xì)微含義.
1．不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象動(dòng)作；而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作.
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．這里禁止抽煙.(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽這么多煙對(duì)你身體很不好.(具體)
(2)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn).
不定式短語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)表示一件未完成的事或目的.
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣.(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰時(shí)刻開(kāi)車(chē)令人厭煩.(經(jīng)驗(yàn))
（3）不定式做主語(yǔ),一般用it當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ),把作主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)后置.
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2．不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
(1)不定式作表語(yǔ)
1)不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體動(dòng)作,特別是表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作.
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做兩件事等于未做.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開(kāi)始干.
2）如果主語(yǔ)是不定式（表示條件）,表語(yǔ)也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）.
To see is to believe.百聞不如一見(jiàn)
To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活.
3)如果主語(yǔ)是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等為中心的名詞,或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,不定式作表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用.
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)買(mǎi)一輛豪華轎車(chē).
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．
(2)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ),表示抽象的一般性的行為.
Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務(wù).
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛(ài)好是集郵.
(注)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異,進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的.動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或情況.
People cannot but feel puzzled,for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．
(3)分詞作表語(yǔ)
分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ),一種是過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ),這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤?一般來(lái)說(shuō),表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite,interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞,漢語(yǔ)意思不是“激動(dòng)”,“高興”,而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”,因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”,過(guò)去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”.所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式.換句話(huà)說(shuō),若人對(duì)……感興趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí),就是說(shuō)sb./sth.is interesting.這類(lèi)詞常見(jiàn)的有：
interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的--excited感到激動(dòng)的
delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的--puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿(mǎn)意的---satisfied感到滿(mǎn)意的
surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的--worried感到擔(dān)心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞.
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多,他們會(huì)感到糊涂的.
The argument is very convincing．他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服.
They were very excited at the news．聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,他們非常激動(dòng).
3．不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
英語(yǔ)中大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式,也可跟動(dòng)名詞作直接賓語(yǔ),但有些動(dòng)詞要求：
(1)不定式做賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
1)下面的動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語(yǔ)
attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視
afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算
begin開(kāi)始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏
appear似乎,顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法
cease停止 hate憎恨,厭惡 pretend假裝
ask問(wèn) dread害怕 need需要
agree同意