英語中意思為“除了……”的表達有except／except for／besides／apart from／but／but for／other than等,它們的用法復(fù)雜多變、難以掌握,學(xué)生常常為之困惑煩惱.本文將對其進行總結(jié)、歸納、練習(xí),使學(xué)生能夠系統(tǒng)地掌握它們的用法,消除學(xué)生幾多愁.
1.except和besides都可解作“除……之外”但含義不同.
except表示“從所提到的人或事物中除去,即從整體中除去一部分”,表示遞減的概念,含義是否定的.besides表示“除了……之外,還有……”,指“在整體中加入一部分”,表示遞加的概念,含義是肯定的.
試比較：
①We all went except him.
除他之外,我們都去了.(他沒有去)
②We all went besides him.
除他之外,我們大家也都去了.(他也去了)
(1)besides常與other／more／else等詞連用except常與all／every／everyone／none／nobody／everything／nothing等總括詞連用.
eg.He had other people to take care of besidesme.
All the students in Class One went to the cinema except Li Ping.
(2)若句中沒有實義動詞do的某種形式except后接動詞不定式而besides后接動詞的-ing形式.
eg.I had no choice except to obey／besides obeying his order.
(3)若句中有實義動詞do的某種形式二者后面都可以接動詞原形.
eg.She has nothing to do except／besides go with him.
(4)二者后面都可以接從句.
eg.①Besides that he explained the theoryhe gave us some examples.
②He is a good student except that he sometimes comes late to school.
(5)except后面可接for(構(gòu)成短語except for)或其他介詞短語,而besides不能.
except for主要有三層含義：
①表示對整體主要部分的肯定和對局部的否定起部分修正主要意思的作用.
eg.Your composition is quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.
②表示非同類事物進行比較.
eg.The street is empty except for several cars.
③置于句首,表達except的含義.
eg.Except for thiseverything is in order.
except for后接名(代)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)移為except＋從句或其他介詞短語.
eg.The climate here is good except for some rainy days.(except when it rains；except that it sometimes rains；except on the rainy days)
注意：二者用于否定句時含義相同,意思是一樣的.
eg.He did nothing besides (＝except) this.
除這件事外,他什么事也沒做.except that 后加從句表示“只是”
On the whole he is a nice person to work with except that he is careless.
總的來說,他是一個很好共事的人,只是有些粗心.
2.except for 主要用來談?wù)摬煌惖臇|西,在說明情況后在細節(jié)上加以修正,有時含有惋惜之意：
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
他的作文寫得不錯,只是有幾處拼寫錯誤.
except for 常可代替cxcept,用于句首時尤其如此.(except不用于句首)：
Except for John,everyone was tired.=Everyone was tired except John.
除了約翰外,大家都累了.