定語從句
所謂從句,就是一個主謂結構相當于整個句子(這樣的句子叫復合句)的一個成分,因此,從句不能單獨使用.在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞、作定語的句子叫定語從句.定語從句是中國人學英語的難點之一.
其實定語從句很有規(guī)律,總結如下:在關系代詞中that既可指人又可指物、既可作主語又可作賓語,因此,除了在非限定性定語從句中,用that一般不會出問題.
關系副詞的用法比較單一,它們從句中只起狀語的作用,表示時間的就用who門,表示地點的就用where,而why只修飾一個詞,即reason.
定語從句所修飾的詞叫“先行詞”,因為它總是處在定語從句的前頭,比定語從句先行一步.
引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞,包括關系代詞和關系副詞.
關系代詞：
who,which,that作從句的主語
whom,which,that作從句的賓語(可省略)
whose從句中作定語
以下情況只能用that,不能用which:
先行詞為不定代詞all, little, none,any,every,no,much, anything, nothing
先行詞有最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等)
先行詞既有人又有物的時候
以下情況只能用which,不能用that;
引導非限制性定語從句(包括代表整個主句的意思時)
介詞+關系代詞的結構中
關系副詞：
when指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語
where指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語
why指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語,只修飾reason.
如果用定語從句把兩個句子合二為一:首先找出兩個句子當中相同的部分,定語從句修飾的就是這一部分.要把其中一個句子變成定語從句,就要把這句中相同的那個部分用一個關系詞來代替;代替時,先看被代替的部分是指人還是指物、再看它作什么句成分.指人并作主語的,就用who.或that;指人并作賓語的,就用whom或that;指人并作定語的,就用whose.指物并作主語的,就用which或that認指物并作賓語的,還是用which或that認是物并作定語的,就用whose或of which.這樣找好并替換以后,再把這個關系代詞放到要變成定語從句的那個句子的最前面(被代替的部分不能再保留,其它的詞語一律不變),這個句子就變成了定語從句.然后,再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面,最后,如果還有其它句子成分,就把它們放到定語從句的后面,就行了.
例如：
Have you found the book? You were looking for the book yesterday.
在這兩個句子中,the book是相同的,定語從句修飾的就是the book.把后面這一句變成定語從句,找個關系詞來代替the book；在將要被變成定語從句的名子中,the book是物并作賓語,所以用which或that代替它.
然后把which或that放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語序一律不變.這時,就成了"that/which you were looking for yesterday?”,再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面,就成了“have you found the book that/which you were looking for yesterday?”定語從句就完成了,主句是問句,所以句末用問號.that/which代替的是原句中的賓語,原句變成了從句,它們?nèi)匀蛔鲝木涞馁e語.關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略,因此上句又可變成“have you found the book you were looking for yesterday?”.
請同學們照上面的例子,把下面變定語從句的步驟說出來(括號里的可以省略):
( 1 )"The dog belongs to the Browns. It ate my fish yesterday."
……The dog which/that ate my fish yesterday belongs to the Browns.
(2)"The lady has gone to the police station. Her car has been stolen."
……The lady whose car has been stolen has gone to the police station.
(3)"I' ve seen the film. His girl friend played the leading role In it.''
……I' ve seen the film {which / that) his girl friend played the leading role in
……I’ve seen the film in which his girl friend played the leading role.
……His girl friend played the leading role in the film {which/that) I’ve seen.
關系副詞與此同理.只是關系副詞代替的是原句中的狀語.在被代替
之前,這個狀語中一定要含有一個與另一句相同的成分.
例如:This is the house甲I was barn and brought up in the house.在這兩個句子中,in the house是句子里的地點狀語,定語從句修飾的就是the house.把后面這一句變成定語從句.在將要被變成定語從句的句子中,in the house是地點狀語,所以用where來代替它.然后再把where放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語序來代替它.然后再把where放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語序一律不變.這時,就成了"where}was barn and brought up".再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面,就成了"This is the house where I was barn and brought up.”,
定語從句就完成了,主句是陳述句,所以句末用句號.Where代替的是原句中的狀語,原句變成了從句,它就作從句的狀語.
(4) The hotel is an artistic building. We' 11 stay in it.
……The hotel where we' 11 stay is an artistic building.
……The hotel (which/that) we' 11 stay in is an artistic building.
……The hotel in which we' 11 stay is an artistic building.
(5) Perhaps they' ve heard of the place. We went there for our holidays last time.
……Perhaps they' re heard of the place where we went for our holidays last time.

定語從句
請讀者照上面的例子,把下面變定語從句的步驟說出來（括號里的可以省略）：
（6）They’re redecorating the room. A conference will be held in the room.→They’re redecorating the room where a conference will be held.→They’re redecorating the room (which /that) a conference will be held in.→They’re redecorating the room in which a conference will be held.
那么,“介詞+關系代詞”是怎么回事呢?原來上面這個例句,還有一種做法：This is the house. I was born and brought up in the house.在這兩個句子中,the house是相同的,定語從句修飾的就是the house .把后面這一句變成定語從句.在將要被變成定語從句的句子中,the house表示物而且是介詞in的賓語,所以用關系代詞which或that來代替.然后把which或that放到本句的最前面,其它的詞和語序一律不變.這時,后面這一句就成了 “which/that I was born and brought up in”.再把這個定語從句整個放在被修飾的詞后面,就成了“This is the house which/that I was born and brought up in”.定語從句就完成了,主句是陳述句,所以句末用句號.which/that代替的是原句中的賓語,原句變成了從句,它們就作從句的賓語.關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略,因此上句又可變成“This is the house I was born and brought up in.”
但是,in可以提到關系代詞的前面,不過這時不能用that,而且不能省略.所以上句又可變?yōu)椤癟his is the house in which I was born and brought up.”這就是“介詞+關系代詞”的來歷.
定語從句又分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句.限定性定語從句把它的先行詞限定在特定的意義之內(nèi),對先行詞起限定的作用、是先行詞必不可少的修飾語,沒有它,整個句子的意思就會受到影響、就不完整.非限定性定語從句不對先行詞起限定的作用,不是先行詞必不可少的修飾語,只對先行詞起補充說明的作用,沒有它,整個句子的意思不會受到影響、仍然完整.非限定性定語從句相當于一個分句,翻譯時也是把它當作分句處理的.非限定性定語從句和它的先行詞之間要用逗號隔開；而限定性定語從句和它的先行詞之間不能用逗號隔開.非限定性定語從句中除了不用that以外,其它關系詞都可使用,使用方法與限定性定語從句一樣.
例如：The supermarket which was opened two months ago is now closed down.
兩個月前開的那家超市現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)倒閉了.（限定）The supermarket, which was opened two months ago, is now closed down.
那家超市現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)倒閉了,那家超市兩個月前開的.（非限定）
The book(which) you’re reading is mine .你正在讀的那本書是我的.（限定）The book, which you’re reading, is mine.那本書是我的,你正在讀那本書.（非限定）
如果以上例子的差別不十分明顯,再看下面的例句：I’ve been to London , which is a beautiful city.我去過倫敦,那是個美麗的城市.Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.你父親是個很和善的老頭,我很尊重他.Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.南京夏天非常熱,我在那里生活過五年.在以上三例當中,定語從句不就能是限定性的.若變成限定性定語從句,其意就成了“我去過那個是座美麗的城市的倫敦.你那個我很尊重的父親是個很和善的老頭.我在那里生活過五年的南京夏天非常熱.”言外之意是還有別的倫敦、父親和南京.
通過這幾個例子我們可以看出,專用名詞以及世界上獨一無二的東西都不能有限定性定語從句.因為它們的意義本身已經(jīng)非常清楚,不需要對其進行限定.另外,非限定性定語從句的先行詞還可以是整個主句所表達的意義.如：He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.他物理考得很好,這使我很吃驚.（學地道的英語有兩個重要的練習方法：parallel writing, and reverse translation,即平行寫作和逆翻譯.所謂平行寫作,就是模仿英語的句子寫類似的句子.而逆翻譯就是先把英語譯成漢語,或根據(jù)漢語的譯文,再把漢語翻譯成英語,再把英語譯文同原文比較,分析差異.這兩種方法能避免漢語式英語.）
He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.他物理考得很好,這使我很吃驚.請把這句話逆翻譯.有的同學會翻譯為：He did well in the physics exam, this surprised me. 這句話錯在什么地方呢?錯在句法.這句話有兩個主謂結構,是兩個并列的分句,但沒有連詞（this 是代詞）,這就成了串句.
再如：He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.他很咬文嚼字,而我不.I said nothing, which made her angry.我什么也沒說,這使她很生氣.Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity.沒去看演出,這很遺憾.
下面看看各個關系詞的用法：1．指人的關系代詞：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：（1）作主語（who, that ）Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.那些參加比賽的人午飯后1：30在大門口集合.在本句中,先行詞是those；關系代詞who引導定語從句,同時代替先行詞在從句中擔任動詞are going to play 的主語.The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor.正在和王先生說話的那個人是一個有名的醫(yī)生.在本句中,先行詞是the man;關系代詞who/that引導定語從句,同時代替先行詞在從句中擔任動詞is talking的主語.這個復合句可以還原成兩個句子：The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.
（2）作賓語包括作介詞賓語（whom, that ）.此種情況下的關系代詞可以省略；This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job.這正是我要的做這份工作的人.在本句中,先行詞是the man；關系代詞whom/that 引導定語從句,同時代替先行詞在從句中擔任動詞want 的賓語.Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?他是你在找的那位經(jīng)理嗎?（3）當關系代詞緊跟介詞作介詞賓語時,不能用that,也不能省略,如：The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.我從中得到許多有用信息的那本書是一位著名科學家寫的.Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago.你剛才和他說話的那個男孩是誰?I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming.
但是當介詞放在從句末尾時,作為介詞賓語的關系代詞可以用that 并且可以省略.如上頭兩句可改為：The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?2．指物的關系代詞which和that的用法：（1）作主語This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the computer.這是那本教你如何操作計算機的說明手冊.
（2）作賓語包括作介詞賓館.此種情況下的關系代詞可以省略：The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired.你昨天弄壞的那把椅子現(xiàn)在正在修理.The film (which/that) I saw last night was about a soldier who fought in WWII.我昨天晚上看的那部電影是關于一個在二戰(zhàn)中打過仗的士兵的.（本句有兩個定語從句.）This is the bike for which I paid $ 100.這就是我花了100美元買的那輛自行車.The car(which/that)he went in was a black Cadillac.他坐在里面走了的那輛汽車是一輛黑色的卡迪拉克.
The accounts of the company, (which/that) I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance.我一直非常注意的公司賬目,是保持平衡的.3．whose 和of which 指代人或事物,作定語.of which 可用whose 代替；The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father’s.那輛所有的燈都破了的汽車是我父親的.
例：His house of which the windows (the windows of which /whose windows) were all broken was a depressing sight.他那所有窗戶都壞了的房子真是目不忍睹.That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which ) was broken.這就是那本封皮破了的書.4．關系代詞的格應與它在從句中充當?shù)某煞忠恢?特別要注意插入語,如：Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. Peter 是那個人人都認為不能完成合同的人.（everybody believes 是插入語）At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable.在選舉的時候我投了我認為最合適的那個人的票.
5．關系代詞作從句的主語時,從句的動詞必須和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)一致：例：These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English .這就是用英文寫成的使用說明.Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly completed and which /that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets?你是住在那幢剛剛竣工、有15個臥室、3個病房和4個衛(wèi)生間的白色房子里嗎?So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception.就我所知有很多達官貴人將出席這個招待會.6．非限定性定語從句不用that,只用who（whose, whom）和which代表人和物；例：Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week.她的兄弟們?兩個人都在美國工作?每個星期都給她打電話.The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd,那些公共汽車?大多已經(jīng)坐滿了人?被一群憤怒的人圍著.
That tower block, which cost five million dollars to build, has been empty for five years.那個塔樓空著已經(jīng)5年了.建它花了500萬美元.Cricket, which I know very little about, is a very popular sport in England.板球是英格蘭非常流行的體育活動,我對它知之甚少.The accounts of the company ,which I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance.公司的賬目是保持平衡的.我一直非常注意這些賬目.