1 直接引語(yǔ)是直接引述別人的原話,原話用有引號(hào),而間接引語(yǔ)是引述別人的話,不用引號(hào).間接引語(yǔ)在多數(shù)情況下構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句.直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)該注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化：
1.直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí),則間接引語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)保持不變.例如：
He says,“I have finished my homework.”→He says that he has finished his homework.She will say,“I'll do it tomorrow.”→She will say that she'll do it the next day.
2.如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句的時(shí)態(tài)則應(yīng)是與主句時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài).①一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→一般過(guò)去時(shí)；②一般過(guò)去時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)；③現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；④現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)；⑤過(guò)去完成時(shí)→過(guò)去完成時(shí)（不變）；⑥一般將來(lái)時(shí)→過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí).例如：
The girl said,“I'm sorry for being late for class.”→The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.
He said to me,“I am writing a letter.”→He told me that he was writing a letter.
3.直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀事實(shí)或真理,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),從句時(shí)態(tài)不變.例如：
The teacher said,“The earth moves around the sun.”→The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
另外,時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人稱等一般要作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整.
直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ),應(yīng)注意幾種形式：
1．直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句,改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),要將這個(gè)陳述句改為賓語(yǔ)從句,其連接詞要用that(可省略).
He said:“We went to the cinema yesterday.”他說(shuō)：“我們昨日去看電影了.”
He said (that) they had gone to the cinema the day before.他說(shuō)前一天他們看了電影.
注：①人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞的相應(yīng)變化；②時(shí)態(tài)的相應(yīng)變化；③時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的相應(yīng)變化.
2．直接引語(yǔ)如果是疑問(wèn)句,改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),須將疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序改為陳述句的語(yǔ)序,其人稱、時(shí)態(tài)等相應(yīng)的變化同上.
(1)直接引語(yǔ)為一般問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),須用連詞whether或?qū)⑵湟?如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為則將其改為asked .
They said to him:“Can you plant wheat and rice in the same field?”他們對(duì)他說(shuō)道：“你能在同一塊地里種小麥和水稻嗎?”
They asked him whether (if) he could plant wheat and rice in the same field.他們問(wèn)他是否他能在同一塊地里種小麥和水稻.
(2)直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句,仍用特殊疑問(wèn)句中的疑問(wèn)詞what,who,when,where ,how等,作為連接詞將其引出,構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)從句.
3．直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),和上面所講的情況有所不同,要用tell/ask/order sb.(not) to do sth.句型.該句型就是把祈使句中的動(dòng)詞原形改為動(dòng)詞不定式.如果說(shuō)祈使句的動(dòng)詞為said,就將其改為told,asked或ordered等.如：
He said,“Sit down,please.”他說(shuō)：“請(qǐng)坐.”
He asked me to sit down.他讓我坐下.
2 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是表示一直持續(xù)做的事.例：我學(xué)英語(yǔ)五年了.I've been study English for five years.另一種是強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響.例：他去倫敦了,他現(xiàn)在不住這兒.He has been to London.He doesn't live here now.
過(guò)去完成時(shí),顧名思義,可以理解為過(guò)去的過(guò)去,表示以前做的事,現(xiàn)在停下來(lái)不做了.例：我以前在這里上過(guò)學(xué).I had been study here before.（上學(xué)是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)久的過(guò)程,不能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替.）
3 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有很多種的.你說(shuō)的那兩種只不過(guò)是時(shí)態(tài)上的區(qū)別.例：一幅用來(lái)保暖.