定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句,其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個(gè)成分,定語從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種.狀語從句分為時(shí)間狀語從句,結(jié)果狀語從句,讓步狀語從句,原因狀語從句,條件狀語從句以及行為方式狀語從句.名詞從句包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句和同位語從句及there be句型.
一、 限定性定語從句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷躁P(guān)系詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能省略.而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞”的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置
2. which作賓語時(shí),根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟
3. 代表物時(shí)多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時(shí)的that常被省略
4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時(shí),要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語
5. where是關(guān)系副詞,用來表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句
6. when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時(shí)間
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示時(shí)間“time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo),有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞,當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格
8. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí),常用there is來引導(dǎo)
二、非限定性定語從句：非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明,通常和主句間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分
2. 在引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時(shí),that有時(shí)相當(dāng)于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人們對白日做夢的態(tài)度正在改變,這與人們對夜間做夢的看法的變化有非常相似之處.
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂,而他恰恰與我相反.
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 剛好我們到的那天他們走了.
3. 有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞
4. 在非限定性定語從句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
狀語從句
§ 1狀語從句的種類
用來修飾謂語動(dòng)詞、其它動(dòng)詞、定語、狀語或整個(gè)句子的從句叫做狀語從句.狀語從句可分為：
1.時(shí)間狀語從句；(adverbial clause of time)
2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句；(adverbial clause of place)
3.原因狀語從句；(adverbial clause of cause)
4.條件狀語從句；(adverbial clause of condition)
5.目的狀語從句；(adverbial clause of purpose)
6.讓步狀語從句；(adverbial clause of concession)
7.比較狀語從句；(adverbial clause of comparison)
8.程度狀語從句；(adverbial clause of degree)
9.方式狀語從句；(adverbial clause of manner)
10.結(jié)果狀語從句.(adverbial clause of result)
§2狀語從句的時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn)
一般情況下,時(shí)間和條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表示“一般將來時(shí)”,用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”表示“將來完成時(shí)”.例如：
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就給你打電話.（這是由as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞arrive是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表示一般將來時(shí),決不可用will arrive）
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家.（從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have finished,表示將來完成時(shí),決不可用will have finished）
If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回來了,請通知我.（從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用comes back,表示一般將來時(shí),決不可用will come back）
二 時(shí)間狀語從句
§3時(shí)間狀語從句（adverbial clause of time）
1.由when, while, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句.例如：
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.當(dāng)你以為自己一無所知的時(shí)候,你就是在開始知道一些事物了.
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.當(dāng)真理被埋在地下的時(shí)候,它在生長,它感到壓抑,它蓄存著這么一種爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就會(huì)炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵.
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的時(shí)候,請你照看一下我的衣服.
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 當(dāng)你的手在空氣中揮動(dòng)的時(shí)候,你就能感覺到空氣在流動(dòng).
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我們的校長邊談邊笑.
【區(qū)別】when, while和as的區(qū)別：when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞.并且when有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”.例如：
When she came in, I stopped eating.她進(jìn)來時(shí),我在吃飯.(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時(shí),我常常為他擔(dān)水.（延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞）
We were about to leave when he came in.我們就要離開,就在那時(shí)他進(jìn)來了.
While引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的,并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（或者相對應(yīng)）.并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對比.例如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,was reading和was watching同時(shí)發(fā)生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜歡踢足球,而你喜歡打籃球.（對比）
As表示“一邊……一邊”,as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作,一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后.例如：
We always sing as we walk.我們總是邊走邊唱.（as表示“一邊……一邊”）
As we was going out, it began to snow.當(dāng)我們出門時(shí),開始下雪了.（as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開始下雪的特定時(shí)間）
2.由before和after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句.注意before引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語,并且當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后,有時(shí)譯成“就,才”.還要注意主句和從句之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系.當(dāng)主句用將來時(shí),從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂語用的是過去時(shí),則主句動(dòng)詞多用過去完成時(shí),這樣以便體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后.After表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后.主句和從句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系正好與before引導(dǎo)的從句相反.例如：
It will be four days before they come back. 他們要過四天才能回來.
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.愛因斯坦幾乎把我撞倒才看到我.
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父親恰好在信到之前去加拿大了.
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他們結(jié)婚還不到四個(gè)月就離婚了.
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔細(xì)考慮過以后,告訴我你是怎樣決定的.
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我們回家了.（從句用過去完成時(shí),主句用一般過去時(shí)）
3.由till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句.till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換,但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用until.并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí),必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表達(dá)的意思不同.例如：
I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父親回來我才上床睡覺.
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散會(huì)之后他才開始教我英語.
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來為止.
I didn't work until he came back.他回來我這才開始工作.
Please wait until I arrived.在我到達(dá)之前請等我.
4.由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句. since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞.一般情況下,從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí),而主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).但在It is ＋時(shí)間＋since從句的句型中,主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).例如：
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自從你離開以來,我一直在北京了.
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你見面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了.
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開北京有五個(gè)月了.
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句.這些連詞都表示“一……就”.例如：
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早飯,我立即到那里去.
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一聽到消息,馬上趕到了出事地點(diǎn).
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就給你來電話.
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相當(dāng)于as soon as之意.主句用過去完成時(shí),從句用一般過去時(shí).當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時(shí),主句應(yīng)用倒裝語序.例如：
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他剛到家,就被邀請開始另一旅程.
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太陽剛從地平線上升起,他就起床勞動(dòng)去了.
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我剛坐下,他就進(jìn)來了.
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.這個(gè)阿拉伯人剛要入睡就感到肩膀上被輕輕一觸.
6.由by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句.注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化：在一般情況下,如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí),主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)；如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用將來完成時(shí).例如：
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回來時(shí),我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了.
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天來這兒的時(shí)候,我將已經(jīng)完成此工作了.
7.由each time, every time和whenever引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句.例如：
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次來哈爾濱,總是來看我.
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每當(dāng)那個(gè)人說“說實(shí)在話”的時(shí)候,我猜想他就要說謊了.
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,見你更年輕了.
8.由as long as和so long as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句.這兩個(gè)連詞表示“有多久……就多久”.例如：
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以隨意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回來就行.
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反對這種境況.
三 地點(diǎn)狀語從句
§4地點(diǎn)狀語從句 (adverbial clause of place)
地點(diǎn)狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo),已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型,例如：
句型1：Where＋地點(diǎn)從句,（there）＋主句.
【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在從句后面時(shí),there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時(shí),一般都不用there.例如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在沒有雨水的地方,耕作是困難的,或根本不可能的.
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他們都是好人.因此他們走到哪里都受到熱烈歡迎.
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本來應(yīng)該把書放回原來的地方.
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中國共產(chǎn)黨,哪里人民得解放.
句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地點(diǎn)從句,＋主句.
【注意】anywhere本身是個(gè)副詞,但是,?？梢砸龑?dǎo)從句,相當(dāng)于連詞,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后. 而wherever本身就是個(gè)連詞,表示“在何處,無論何處”.例如：
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員
同位語
一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)對另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾,限定或說明,這個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語.同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致,并常常緊挨在一起.
1.由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上同一層次的語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu),其中前項(xiàng)與后項(xiàng)所指相同,句法功能也相同,后項(xiàng)是前項(xiàng)的同位語.
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
我們的新老師史密斯先生對我們很好.
Mr. Smith是主詞our new teacher的同位語,指同一人.
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.
昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友湯姆.
a friend of my brother's是受詞Tom的同位語,指同一人.
2.如同位語與其同位成分關(guān)系緊密時(shí)不用逗點(diǎn)隔開;如同位語對其同位成分只作補(bǔ)充解釋時(shí)可用逗點(diǎn)隔開.
He himself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.
他本人對我講,他的兄長約翰是一位世界聞名的醫(yī)生.
himself和John都是單一的字作同位語,與其同位成分之間不用逗點(diǎn)隔開.
Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.
昨天我與我的英語老師詹姆斯先生談過了.
同位語Mr. James補(bǔ)充解釋my English teacher,同位語與其同位成分之間可用逗點(diǎn)隔開.
3.同位語除表示其同位成分的全部意義外,還可以表示部分意義.
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
我們中國人民是勤勞勇敢的.
He is interested in sports, especially ball games.
他喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng),特別是球類運(yùn)動(dòng).
同位從句一般跟在某些名詞如answer(答案),hope(希望),fact(事實(shí)),belief (信仰),news(消息),idea(主意；觀念),promise(承諾),information(信息),conclusion(結(jié)論),order(命令), suggestion(建議),problem(問題),thought (想法)等后面.例如： He always works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health. His failure was due to the fact that he had not practised for a long time. I had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. 注意： that 既可引導(dǎo)同位語從句又可引導(dǎo)定語從句,其區(qū)別在于：同位語從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo),連接詞that本身無意義,在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,不可省略,不可以用其他詞替代；定語從句由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo),關(guān)系代詞that在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分,作賓語時(shí)可省略,由when, why, where引導(dǎo)的 同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別在于： 同位語從句由連接副詞只起連接作用,沒有指代作用； 定語從句由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),關(guān)系副詞具有指代先行詞的作用,常用一個(gè)介詞加關(guān)系代詞替換.例如:I will never forget the day when we first met. （同位語從句, when為連接詞） That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. （定語從句,which/that為關(guān)系副詞） This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. （同位語從句, where為連接詞） This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. （定語從句,where為關(guān)系副詞）
區(qū)分表語從句和同位語從句
從句是相對于主句而言的,即它是從屬于某一個(gè)主句,而不能單獨(dú)作一個(gè)句子.在英語中,主要有三大從句,即名詞性從句（包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,同位語從句）、形容詞性從句（即定語從句）、副詞性從句（即狀語從句,包括時(shí)間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點(diǎn)、方式等）.
主語從句用作主語,如：：
That the earth is round is true. 地球?yàn)閳A的是真實(shí)的.
賓語從句用作賓語.如：
Do you know where he lives?
表語從句用作表語,如：
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意見是你不應(yīng)單獨(dú)前往.
同位語從句用于解釋說明前面的名詞.如：
The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圓的的事實(shí)是真實(shí)的.（that從句用于解釋說明the fact）
定語從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞,用于修飾前面的名詞.如：
The student who answered the question was John. 回答問題的學(xué)生是John.
狀語從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)副詞,如：
When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨時(shí),我通常坐公共汽車上學(xué).（時(shí)間狀語）
If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天來,你就可以看見他.（if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,其結(jié)構(gòu)為：if +狀語從句,＋主句）.要注意在狀語從句中有一個(gè)規(guī)則是“主將從現(xiàn)”,即主句是將來時(shí),則從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來.
主句和從句的劃分方法是相同的.句子的成分從謂語動(dòng)詞處來劃分比較容易.謂語動(dòng)詞前面的部分是主語,后面常接賓語,修飾謂語動(dòng)詞的是狀語,修飾主語、賓語的是定語,若謂語是系動(dòng)詞,則系動(dòng)詞后的部分是表語.如：
I am a teacher. 其中,I 是主語,am是謂語,a teacher 是表語.
He likes playing football very mucy. 其中,he是主語,likes是謂語,playing football是賓語,very much是狀語.
參考資料：http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/45927224.html?fr=qrl