（一）動(dòng)詞不定式：（to）+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征.
1．不定式的形式：（以動(dòng)詞write為例）
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后,
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）進(jìn)行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前,例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主語：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí),常用it作形式主語,例如上面兩句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
（2）作表語：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作賓語：
常與不定式做賓語連用的動(dòng)詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語（不定式）后置,放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面,例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語,如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問詞連用,如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：
在復(fù)合賓語中,動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語,如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用,如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些動(dòng)詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定語：
動(dòng)詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后.與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：
①動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等,應(yīng)有必要的介詞,如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者,不定式可用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：
He is the first to get here.
（6）作狀語：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時(shí),邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結(jié)果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作獨(dú)立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動(dòng)詞.
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略to.
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）現(xiàn)在分詞：
現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能.
1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：
否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在分詞
（1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,完成
式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,常作狀語.例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去.
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè),他開始打籃球.
（2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)
詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作.
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要.
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個(gè)淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤.
2．現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：
（1）作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)做定語時(shí),放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞后.
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后來的幾年中,他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了.
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長(zhǎng)的父親.
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句的句法功能,如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒.
The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)鼓舞人心.
be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語,它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí),而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu).
（3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：
如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等.例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著.
（4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：
①作時(shí)間狀語：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時(shí),他是一名先進(jìn)工人.
②作原因狀語：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團(tuán)員,他經(jīng)常幫助他人.
③作方式狀語,表示伴隨：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗.
④作條件狀語：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間.
⑤作結(jié)果狀語：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結(jié)果摔得粉碎.
⑥作目的狀語：
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了.
⑦作讓步狀語：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了.
⑧與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．
我等汽車時(shí),一只鳥落到我頭上.
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了,他們失望地離開了.
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時(shí)間允許,我們將做另兩個(gè)練習(xí).
有時(shí)也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了.
⑨作獨(dú)立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個(gè)演員.
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細(xì)心.
（三）過去分詞：
過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成.不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求,要一一記住.
過去分詞的句法功能：
1．過去分詞作定語：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行.
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì).
注意當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時(shí),一般用于名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的后面.過去分詞做定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句.
2．過去分詞作表語：
The window is broken. 窗戶破了.
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對(duì)眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕.
注意：be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu),如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語態(tài).區(qū)別：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被動(dòng)）
有些過去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的,不表示被動(dòng),只表示完成.如：
boiled water（開水） fallen leaves（落葉）
newly arrived goods（新到的貨） the risen sun（升起的太陽）
the changed world（變了的世界）
這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等.
3．過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次.
有時(shí)過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了.
4．過去分詞作狀語：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚(yáng),他成為父母的驕傲.（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了.（表示時(shí)間）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時(shí)間,我能做得更好.（表示條件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之有危險(xiǎn),他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子.（表示讓步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進(jìn)山洞.