英語中,修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語（adverbial). 狀語的功用：狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等. 狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語來擔當.其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中.副詞是一種用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或全句的詞,說明時間,地點,程度,方式等概念.1.副詞一般在句子中做狀語． He speaks English very well. 他英語說得非常好. He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree是地點狀語. 2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的狀語. I come specially to see you.我專門來看你. 3.介詞短語 Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. The boy was praised for his bravery.4.從句作狀語 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. 5.分詞作狀語 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper. Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another. 一、時間狀語從句 要點: 時間狀語從句,由以下連詞引導： when ,while, as, after ,before, as soon as, since ,till /until by the time 在時間狀語從句中,要注意時態(tài)一致.一般情況下主句是將來時的時候,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時. 1.when當******的時候 Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. (當)莫扎特4歲的時候,開始寫音樂作品. 2.while當...時 He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 他在旅途中參觀了許多地方. 3.as在...的同時；一邊...一邊... He smiled as he stood up. 他一邊站起來一邊笑著. 4.after在...之后 He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day. 前幾天做完作業(yè)之后回的家. 5.before 在...之前 Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 布朗先生來這之前已經(jīng)在一家銀行里工作一年了. 6.as soon as 一...就... We began to work as soon as we got there. 我們一到那就開始工作. I will write to you as soon as I get home. 我一到家就給你寫信. 7.since 自...以來 到現(xiàn)在 表示自過去的一個起點時間到目前(說話時間)為止的一段持續(xù)時間.主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時,從句用一般過去時. Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. 自格林先生來中國以來,他就在這所學校教書. (還可以用作介詞,本句從句還可以用短語：since three years ago(自三年前以來)表示.) 8 till /until 都可以作連詞,連接時間狀語,也可以作介詞,與其它詞構成介詞短語,在句中作狀語. They walked till /until it was dark. 他們一直走到天黑. Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back. 小明直到他爸爸回來才離開家. 9. by the time 到...為止 (所在句子的主句應用現(xiàn)在或過去完成時) By the time he gets there , his father has already gone. 他到家的時候,他爸爸已經(jīng)走了. By the time I got to school, the class had already began. 我到校時,已經(jīng)開始上課了. 時間狀語從句 （adverbial clause of time） 一 地點狀語從句 (adverbial clause of place)地點狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導,已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型, 要點: 由連詞where和復合關系詞wherever (=no matter where )引導 例如：句型1：Where＋地點從句,（there）＋主句.【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在從句后面時,there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時,一般都不用there.例如：Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在沒有雨水的地方,耕作是困難的,或根本不可能的.They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他們都是好人.因此他們走到哪里都受到熱烈歡迎.You should have put the book where you found it. 你本來應該把書放回原來的地方.Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中國共產(chǎn)黨,哪里人民得解放.句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地點從句,＋主句.【注意】anywhere本身是個副詞,但是,?？梢砸龑木?相當于連詞,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導的從句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后. 而wherever本身就是個連詞,表示“在何處,無論何處”.例如：Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員.二 知識擴展 1.Where there is a will , there is a way. 有志者事竟成.(諺語) 1.It will be mixed school where not all the children are disabled. 他將是一所混合式學校,那里的兒童并不都是殘疾.(在限定性定語從句中對先行詞起著限定作用.) 2.Wherever you go , I go too. 無論你到什么地方,我都去.(wherever=no matter where)無論何處,多用于句首. 3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire. 無風不起浪.(諺語) 4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman.疑問副詞where后跟不定式,構成不定式短語. 條件狀語從句 要點： 表示狀語從句由連詞if, unless (=if not) 意思為除非引導.(讓步) 1.If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 如果明天不下雨, 我們就去遠足. 2.You will get good grades if you study hard. 如果你努力學習,就會取得好成績. 3.I will go to the party unless he goes there too. 我不會去參加聚會的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.) 4.You will be late unless you leave immediately. 如果你不馬上走,你將會遲到的.(=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.) 難點提示：用條件狀語從句時要注意時態(tài)的正確使用,當主句是將來時的時候,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時. lHe will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow. 一般將來時, 一般現(xiàn)在時 lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week. 一般將來時, 一般現(xiàn)在時 原因狀語從句 要點: 由連詞because, since, as引導, 也可由for, now that 等詞引導 1.I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天沒去上學,因為我生病了. 2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 既然大家都來了, 讓我們開始開會吧. 3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身體不好, 你就不該熬夜. 4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我請她留下來喝茶,因為我有事要告訴她. .難點——because , since , as , for,辨析 1） because語勢最強,用來說明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的問題.當原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知,就用as或 since.I didn’t go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2） 由because引導的從句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 號,則可以用for來代替.但如果不是說明直接原因,而是多種情況加以推斷,就只能用for.He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.