看的麻煩九點這個http://baike.baidu.com/view/26625.htm
　　http://baike.baidu.com/view/84281.htm
　　我先把動名詞的給你復(fù)制上好了這種問題去百科查會快點
　　定義
　　動名詞是一種兼有動詞和名詞特征的非限定動詞.它可以支配賓語,也能被副詞修飾.動名詞有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.
　　解釋：動詞的ing形式如果是名詞,這個詞稱動名詞.
　　[編輯本段]一、動名詞的作用
　　動名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì),因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等.
　　1、作主語
　　Reading is an art. 讀書是一種藝術(shù).
　　Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣.
　　Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在這種工作條件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦.
　　動名詞作主語,有時先用it作形式主語,把動名詞置于句末.這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用.如：
　　It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 灑掉的牛奶哭也沒用.
　　It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 勸說這樣的人加入真是浪費時間.
　　It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難.
　　It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好.
　　There is no joking about such matters. 對這種事情不是開玩笑.
　　動名詞作主語的幾種類型
　　動名詞可以在句子中充當(dāng)名詞所能充當(dāng)?shù)亩喾N句子成分.在這里僅就動名詞在句子中作主語的情況進行討論.
　　動名詞作主語有如下幾種常見情況：
　　1. 直接位于句首做主語.例如：
　　Swimming is a good sport in summer.
　　2. 用 it 作形式主語,把動名詞(真實主語)置于句尾作后置主語.
　　動名詞做主語時,不太常用 it 作先行主語,多見于某些形容詞及名詞之后.例如：
　　It is no use telling him not to worry.
　　常見的能用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞還有：better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等.
　　注意：important,essential,necessary 等形容詞不能用于上述結(jié)構(gòu).
　　3. 用于“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)中.例如：
　　There is no saying when he'll come.很難說他何時回來.
　　4. 用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中.例如：
　　No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ).
　　No parking.
　　5. 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語
　　當(dāng)動名詞有自己的邏輯主語時,常可以在前面加上一個名詞或代詞的所有格,構(gòu)成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(——這時,名詞或代詞的所有格做動名詞的邏輯主語).動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可以在句中作主語.例如：
　　Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
　　6.例詞
　　shopping fishing cycling這些都是很常見的動名詞
　　二、動名詞作主語與動詞不定式作主語的比較
　　動詞不定式和動名詞都可以用作主語.在意義上相近.但動名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動作,不定式多用來表示特指或具體動作.比較：
　　Smoking is not good for health.
　　It is not good for you to smoke so much.
　　注意：
　　1)在口語中,用動名詞作主語位于句首的較不定式多見.
　　2)在“It is no use...”,“It is no good...”,“It is fun...”,“It is a waste of time...”等句型中,通常用動名詞作真實主語：
　　It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.
　　*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.
　　3)在疑問句中,通常用動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),而不用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語：
　　Does your saying that mean anything to him?
　　*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?
　　4)在“There be”句型中,只能用動名詞,而不能用不定式作主語：
　　There is no telling what will happen.
　　It is impossible to tell what will happen.
　　5)當(dāng)句子中的主語和表語都是非限定動詞時,要遵循前后一致的原則,主語和表語在形式上要求統(tǒng)一：
　　Seeing is believing.
　　*To see is to believe.
　　2、作賓語
　?。?）作動詞的賓語
　　某些動詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動詞時只能用動名詞作賓語,不能用不定式.常見的此類動詞有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can’t stand, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等.如：
　　They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他們繼續(xù)走,說個不停.
　　I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海灘上走真是樂事.
　　（2）作介詞的賓語
　　We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計劃.
　　Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我們休息呢還是開始干活?
　?。?）作形容詞的賓語
　　The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽幾遍.
　　We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來的運動會忙著做準備.
　　3、作表語
　　動名詞作表語時句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句.表語動名詞與主語通常是對等的關(guān)系,表示主語的內(nèi)容,主語、表語可互換位置.
　　Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶.(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
　　What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑. (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
　　4、作定語
　　動名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途.如：
　　a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
　　a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
　　a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
　　a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
　　sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
　　[編輯本段]二、動名詞的邏輯主語
　　帶有邏輯主語的動名詞稱為動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).當(dāng)動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時,要在動名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格,這便構(gòu)成了動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).其中物主代詞（名詞所有格）是邏輯上的主語,動名詞是邏輯上的謂語.動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,分別相當(dāng)于一個主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句.如：
　　Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來幫忙鼓舞了我. (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
　　Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 簡這么粗心惹來了不少麻煩. (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
　　What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物不足. (=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)
　　在口語中,如果動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語,其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格,名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替,但在句首作主語時不能這樣來代替.如：
　　Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎?
　　The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸堅決要求兒子上大學(xué).
　　Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了,使她媽媽很著急.
　　His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣.
　　在下列情況下動名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語：
　　a.無命名詞
　　The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個嬰兒被猛烈的關(guān)門聲吵醒.
　　b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義
　　Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎?
　　c. 兩個以上的有生命名詞并列
　　Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎?
　　[編輯本段]三、動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
　　動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)如下：
　　時態(tài)
　　主動語態(tài)
　　被動語態(tài)
　　一般式
　　writing
　　being written
　　完成式
　　having written
　　having been written
　　其否定形式是在doing前加上not
　　1、動名詞一般式表示的動作通常是一般性動作,即不是明確地發(fā)生在過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭幼?或是與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的動作.如：
　　I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說話.
　　Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一個好習(xí)慣.
　　2、動名詞的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前.如：
　　I don’t remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見過他.
　　Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費力幫忙.
　　3、動名詞的邏輯主語同時也是動名詞動作的承受者,動名詞用被動語態(tài).
　?。?）它的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生,或在其前發(fā)生.如：
　　I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共場合下,我不喜歡被別人嘲笑.
　　（2）它的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前.如：
　　I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高興你能獲得這樣的獎牌.
　　（3）在某些動詞,我們常用動名詞的一般式表示完成式,盡管動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前,這似乎是一種強大的習(xí)慣.如：
　　Excuse me for being late. 我來晚了請你原諒.
　　I don’t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我記不得原來在什么地方見過.
　　Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這么大的幫助.
　　（4）在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用動名詞被動語態(tài)完成式,而用一般式代替,以免句子顯得累贅,尤其是在口語中.如：
　　I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被帶到過這個動物園,可我忘了.
　?。?）動名詞被動語態(tài)一般式與現(xiàn)在分詞被動語態(tài)一般式同形,但無進行意義,being不可省略.如：
　　She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被領(lǐng)到大眾面前.
　　[編輯本段]四、常見題型：
　　1） 動名詞做主語時,謂語動詞為單數(shù)
　　2） 在動名詞和不定式中,作為介詞的賓語是動名詞
　　3） 動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語
　　例：
　　I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
　　A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you’re calling（Key：C；換成your calling也對）
　　4） 有些詞后只能接動名詞
　　admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
　　5） 另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法
　　it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no; there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point...
　　6） 有些詞后面加不定式和動名詞均可
　　remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意義截然不容.
　　例：
　　remember to do/doing：
　?、買 remembered to post the letters.（指未來/過去未來將要做的動作）
　?、贗 remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我記得做過這個動作）
　　forget與remember的用法類似.
　　regret的用法：
　?、買 regret to inform you that…（我很遺憾地通知你……）
　　②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.（為了“二十年前的離開”而遺憾.）
　　try to（努力）與try +–ing（試驗）：
　?、資ou really must try to overcome your shyness.
　　②Try practicing five hours a day.
　　[編輯本段]五、動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的同與不同
　　動名詞它在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同,都是在動詞原形的詞末加-ing.在現(xiàn)代語法中,這兩種形式同視為"-ing形式". 這兩種形式的另一個相同之處是：它們都是由動詞變化而成的,它們都保留了動詞的某些特征,它們都能帶自己的賓語、狀語,而構(gòu)成動名詞短語或是現(xiàn)在分詞短語去擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分.例如：
　　Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .
　?。ìF(xiàn)在分詞短語,作狀語）他在公眾場所講話時總是興高采烈的.
　　She hates speaking in the public.
　　（動名詞短語,作賓語）她不喜歡在公眾場所講話.
　　區(qū)別：
　　1､動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用于系動詞之后作表語,區(qū)別方法是:
　?、僮鞅碚Z的動名詞與主語指的是同一件事,此時系動詞相當(dāng)于“是”,通常把主語和表語的位置互換,語法和意思不變,例如:
　　My hobby is swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.(可將原句中的主語與表語位置互換)
　?、诂F(xiàn)在分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質(zhì),不能與主語互換位置,例如:
　　The story is interesting .不可改為:Interesting is the story.
　　2､動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞,兩者的區(qū)別在于:
　　動名詞修飾名詞時主要表示該名詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞時性質(zhì)､狀態(tài)或動作等｡試比較:
　　①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
　　前者的意思是“一個正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,現(xiàn)在分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞boy的動作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 動名詞swimming表示suit 的用途｡
　　②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
　　前者的意思是“一個正在睡覺的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,現(xiàn)在分詞sleeping 表示被修飾名詞 child 正處于的狀態(tài);而后者的意思是“臥車(被用來睡覺的車廂)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,動名詞 sleeping 表示car 的用途｡
　　被動語態(tài)
　　一、 被動語態(tài)的用法：
　　1. 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞
　　Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
　　I am asked to study hard.
　　Knives are used for cutting things.
　　2. 一般過去時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞
　　A new shop was built last year.
　　Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
　　3. 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞
　　This book has been translated into many languages.
　　Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
　　4. 一般將來時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
　　A new hospital will be built in our city.
　　Many more trees will be planted next year.
　　5. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
　　Young trees must be watered often.
　　Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
　　The door may be locked inside.
　　Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
　　6. 現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞
　　Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
　　My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
　　They are planting trees over there. →
　　Trees are being planted over there by them.
　　7. 不定式的被動語態(tài)：to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
　　There are two books to be read. →
　　There are twenty more trees to be planted.
　　二、 怎樣把主動語態(tài)改成被動語態(tài)?
　　把主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)非常簡單,可以遵循以下幾個步驟：
　　1. 先找出謂語動詞；
　　2. 再找出謂語動詞后的賓語；
　　3. 把賓語用作被動語態(tài)中的主語；
　　4. 注意人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化.
　　例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
　　2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
　　3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
　　4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
　　5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
　　6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
　　三、 使用被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：
　　1. 不及物動詞無被動語態(tài).
　　What will happen in 100 years.
　　The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
　　2. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義.
　　This pen writes well.
　　This new book sells well.
　　3. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式,主動語態(tài)中不帶to ,但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,須加上to .
　　例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
　　see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
　　A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
　　The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
　　4. 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時,直接賓語(物)作主語,那么動詞后要用介詞,這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定,或是間接賓語加被動語態(tài)再加只接賓語.
　　He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 或是I was given a book by him.
　　He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. 或是i was shown a ticket by him.
　　My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 或是Lwas bought a new bike by my father.
　　5. 一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時,動詞短語應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個整體,而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞.
　　We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.
　　He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
　　The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.