根據(jù)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作能否延緩,分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞.
可以表示持續(xù)的行為或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,叫做"延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞",也叫"持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞",be,keep,如:have,like,study,live
有的表示短暫,瞬間性的動(dòng)詞,叫做"終止性動(dòng)詞",也可叫"短暫性動(dòng)詞",或"瞬間性動(dòng)詞",如 die,join,leave,become,return,reach
終止性動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),只表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的因果關(guān)系,不能表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù),不可以用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(如:since 和 for 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ))來(lái)修飾.如可以說(shuō):
The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area.
但不可說(shuō):
The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days.
因?yàn)?start 是終止性動(dòng)詞,它所表示的動(dòng)作短促,當(dāng)紅十字會(huì)出發(fā)時(shí),start 這個(gè)動(dòng)作便結(jié)束了,不可能延續(xù)兩天.
解決這對(duì)矛盾的四種方法.
1.用 ago 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)來(lái)代替 since 或 for 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):eg.Mr.Richard has returned from America for two years.(wrong) Mr.Richard has returned from America since two years ago.(wrong) 應(yīng)改為:He returned from America two years ago.
2.用 It is… since…復(fù)合句代替簡(jiǎn)單句 eg.It has been/is two years since Mr.Richard returned from America.注意:以上兩種辦法適用于所有終止性動(dòng)詞.
3.用相應(yīng)的形容詞和副詞代替終止性動(dòng)詞.eg.Mr.Richard has been back from America for two years.
4.用延緩性動(dòng)詞代替終止性動(dòng)詞.eg.He has gone to the Internet for six hours.(wrong) 應(yīng)改為:He has been on the Internet for six hours.
但須注意:終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式可以和 since 或 for 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.因?yàn)榻K止性動(dòng)詞 的否定表示的是一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài).
eg.I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year.(wrong)
I haven't heard from my friend in Africa for half a year..(right)
終止性動(dòng)詞與延緩性動(dòng)詞的含義:
1.在連詞 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,用終止性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)或用延緩性動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí),其含義是大不相同的.
A.since 所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果句子謂語(yǔ)是終止性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí),則從句表示的 時(shí)間是從"那一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始".\x0ceg.He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自從他來(lái)校以來(lái),一貫努力學(xué)習(xí).
B.在 since 所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,其謂語(yǔ)是延緩性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí),那么從句所表示的 時(shí)間是從延緩性動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作結(jié)束時(shí)算起.eg.I haven't heard any noise since I slept.自從我醒后,沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)任何聲音.
2.介詞 for 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),在翻譯時(shí)有兩種不同的情況:
A.介詞 for 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和延緩性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式連用時(shí),有兩種不同的含 義.eg.He has not lived there for six months.他不住在那兒已六個(gè)月了.(或:他住在那兒還不到六個(gè)月.)
B.介詞 for 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和終止性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式連用,只有一種含義.eg.Mary has not left here for six months.瑪麗已六個(gè)月沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)這兒了.句中含有 till 或 until 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句,從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的,也可以是終 止性的,但要注意兩種情況:1.如果主句中動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞肯定或否定都可以,只是含義不同.eg.He listened to the radio until his father came back.他聽(tīng)無(wú)線電一直到他父親回來(lái)為止.eg.He didn't listen to the radio until his father came back..直到他父親回來(lái),他才聽(tīng)無(wú)線電.2.如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是終止性動(dòng)詞,則只能用否定式.eg.Mr.Smith didn't marry until he was forty- five.(right) 史密斯先生到四十五歲才結(jié)婚.Mr.Smith married until he was forty-five.(wrong)