先是漢字,后邊是englishi@↖(^ω^)↗
　　食品安全有多種定義,目前普遍采用的食品安全概念是世界衛(wèi)生組織在1996年提出的,即“對(duì)食品按其原定用途進(jìn)行制作和食用時(shí)不會(huì)使消費(fèi)者受害的一種擔(dān)保,它主要是指在食品的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)過程中沒有達(dá)到危害程度一定劑量的有毒、有害物質(zhì)或因素的加入,從而保證人體按正常劑量和以正確方式攝入這樣的食品時(shí)不會(huì)受到急性或慢性的危害,這種危害包括對(duì)攝入者本身及其后代的不良影響.”
　　1我國(guó)食品安全問題原因分析
　　1.1我國(guó)食品安全問題的現(xiàn)狀
　　近年來,我國(guó)食品工業(yè)一直呈高速發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài),食品工業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值和銷售收入已經(jīng)連續(xù)多年位居中國(guó)制造業(yè)首位,已經(jīng)成為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要產(chǎn)業(yè)之一.同時(shí),在工業(yè)化及全球化高速發(fā)展的今天,隨著食品生產(chǎn)和生活水平的現(xiàn)代化,人們對(duì)食品的消費(fèi)逐漸向社會(huì)化轉(zhuǎn)變,由原來主要由家庭烹飪轉(zhuǎn)向以專業(yè)企業(yè)加工生產(chǎn)為主,食品安全的隱患也隨之增加,食品安全問題已日益成為人們強(qiáng)烈關(guān)注的問題.
　　目前,我國(guó)食品安全方面存在的問題主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：第一,微生物源仍是影響我國(guó)食品衛(wèi)生和安全的最主要因素；第二,從農(nóng)田到餐桌食物鏈污染情況嚴(yán)重.一是源頭污染問題較為嚴(yán)重,如瘦肉精殘留問題,二是環(huán)境污染物給食品衛(wèi)生帶來影響,如二惡英問題；第三,食品企業(yè)違法生產(chǎn)、加工食品現(xiàn)象不容忽視,像阜陽奶粉事件,蘇丹紅事件等等；第四,食品新技術(shù)新資源的應(yīng)用帶來新的食品安全隱患；第五,食品安全研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的新問題.隨著食品安全科技的發(fā)展,傳統(tǒng)加工工藝的食品也不斷被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有安全隱患.
　　1.2不良的監(jiān)管機(jī)制是食品安全的根本原因
　　食品安全問題頻發(fā)的深層次原因,應(yīng)歸結(jié)于目前食品安全監(jiān)管體制的不完善,它存在協(xié)調(diào)性差、部門利益化、監(jiān)管效率等問題.
　　盡管我國(guó)發(fā)布的涉及食品監(jiān)管的法律法規(guī)有幾十部之多,但這些法律法規(guī)的系統(tǒng)性和協(xié)調(diào)性很差.很多法規(guī)和政策出自不同部門,然而數(shù)量眾多的法律規(guī)范并沒有構(gòu)成一個(gè)“從農(nóng)田到餐桌”的規(guī)則系統(tǒng)；相反由于立法的部門化,造成監(jiān)管權(quán)力分化、監(jiān)管標(biāo)準(zhǔn)混亂,甚至某些環(huán)節(jié)上監(jiān)管缺位.
　　2.食品安全的產(chǎn)業(yè)組織視角分析
　　2.1食品行業(yè)的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)分析
　　市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)是現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)組織理論中,特別是SCP分析框架最基本的概念和研究主題,指某一市場(chǎng)中各種要素之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系及特征,包括市場(chǎng)供給者之間、需求者之間、供給者和需求者之間以及市場(chǎng)上現(xiàn)有的供給者、需求者與正在進(jìn)入該市場(chǎng)的供給者、需求者之間的關(guān)系.換言之,一個(gè)特定市場(chǎng)中的各個(gè)市場(chǎng)主體在市場(chǎng)交易中的地位、作用、比例關(guān)系以及它們?cè)谑袌?chǎng)上交換的商品的特點(diǎn),即形成了具體產(chǎn)業(yè)的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu).理論上市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)常分為四種類型：完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、完全壟斷、壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、寡頭壟斷.考察一種市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)狀況必須要有一定的量化指標(biāo)進(jìn)行衡量,這是SCP分析框架常用的分析一個(gè)行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)狀況的方法.測(cè)量一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的市場(chǎng)集中度可以使用兩種方法：一是絕對(duì)集中法,二是相對(duì)集中法.絕對(duì)集中法主要包括行業(yè)集中度、赫芬達(dá)爾指數(shù),相對(duì)集中法包括洛倫茨曲線和基尼系數(shù).
　?、傩袠I(yè)集中度
　　行業(yè)集中度是最常用、最簡(jiǎn)單易行的絕對(duì)集中度的衡量指標(biāo),是指行業(yè)內(nèi)規(guī)模最大的前幾位企業(yè)的有關(guān)數(shù)值X（可以是產(chǎn)值、產(chǎn)量、銷售額、銷售量、職工人數(shù)、資產(chǎn)總額等）占整個(gè)市場(chǎng)或行業(yè)的份額.行業(yè)集中度的總和反映了企業(yè)數(shù)量與企業(yè)規(guī)模這兩個(gè)決定市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)的重大方面,但行業(yè)集中度率主要只是反映了前幾位大企業(yè)的總體規(guī)模和分布,不一定能夠揭示前幾位大企業(yè)個(gè)別規(guī)模和分布,即使兩個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的集中度率相同,但由于企業(yè)規(guī)模分布的差異,其壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)程度也將會(huì)有所不同.同時(shí),行業(yè)集中度率將全國(guó)作為一個(gè)整體,沒有反映國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系和地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的影響,難以考慮在全國(guó)集中率不高但在本地集中率高的本地化市場(chǎng)以及行業(yè)間產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等,因而有可能低估或高估產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性.
　　絕對(duì)集中度計(jì)算公式：
　　CRn=∑（Xi/X）=∑Si
　　其中,X為市場(chǎng)中全部企業(yè)的銷售總額,Xi為該市場(chǎng)中第i位企業(yè)的銷售額,CRn既是市場(chǎng)中前n位企業(yè)的絕對(duì)集中度.并對(duì)照貝恩的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)分類表來判斷.
　　市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)分類表
　?、诤辗疫_(dá)爾指數(shù)：
　　經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)界和政府管制部門還有一個(gè)使用較多的指標(biāo)是HHI,即赫芬達(dá)爾赫爾希曼指數(shù),該指數(shù)是一種測(cè)量產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度的綜合指數(shù),指行業(yè)中所有企業(yè)市場(chǎng)份額百分比的平方和.赫芬達(dá)爾指數(shù)是產(chǎn)業(yè)市場(chǎng)集中度測(cè)量指標(biāo)中較好的一個(gè),具有如下特點(diǎn).(1)當(dāng)獨(dú)家企業(yè)壟斷時(shí),該指數(shù)等于10000,當(dāng)所有企業(yè)規(guī)模相同時(shí),該指數(shù)等于1/n,故而這一指標(biāo)在1/n～100000之間變動(dòng),數(shù)值越大,表明企業(yè)規(guī)模分布的不均勻度越高.(2)兼有絕對(duì)集中度和相對(duì)集中度指標(biāo)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),并避免了它們的缺點(diǎn).因?yàn)樵撝祵?duì)規(guī)模較大的上位企業(yè)的市場(chǎng)份額反映比較敏感,而對(duì)眾多小企業(yè)的市場(chǎng)份額小幅度的變化反映很小.(3)可以不受企業(yè)數(shù)量和規(guī)模分布的影響,較好地測(cè)量產(chǎn)業(yè)的集中度變化情況.
　　There are many definitions of food safety, it is now generally used in food safety is the concept of the World Health Organization in 1996, that is, "according to their original use for food production and consumption so that consumers will not suffer as a guarantee that it The main means of food production and consumption process has not reached a certain degree of hazard dose of poisonous and harmful substances or adding factors, thus ensuring the normal human dose and the right way to the intake of such foods would not be acute or chronic Against such hazards, including intake of themselves and their adverse effects on future generations. "
　　   1 China's food safety analysis
　　   1.1 China's food security status quo
　　   In recent years, China's food industry has been the development of high-speed, the food industry and gross domestic product sales revenue for many years has ranked first in China's manufacturing industry has become an important national economic development, one of the industry. At the same time, the rapid development of industrialization and globalization of today, with food production and modernization of the standard of living, people's food consumption gradually to the change of society, mainly from cooking to the family business in a professional production, processing, food safety The risk increases, food safety has increasingly become a strong concern.
　　   At present, China's food safety problems in the following points: first, Microbial source is still the impact of China's food hygiene and safety of the most important factor; Second, the food chain from farm to fork pollution in serious condition. The first is the more serious source of pollution, such as clenbuterol residue problem, and the other is environmental pollutants to the impact of food hygiene, such as dioxin problem; Third, the production of illegal food business, food processing phenomenon can not be ignored, such as milk powder in Fuyang , Sudan and so on the incident; Fourth, new technologies, new food resources, the application of new food safety; Fifth, the study found that food safety problems. With the development of food safety science and technology, traditional processing of food were also found to have hidden safety problems.
　　   1.2 poor food safety supervision mechanism is the root cause
　　   Food security issues frequent the deep-seated reasons, should be attributed to the current food safety regulatory system is far from perfect, there is poor co-ordination, the interests of the sector, the efficiency of supervision.
　　   Despite the release of China's regulation related to food laws and regulations have as many as a dozen or so, but these laws and regulations of the systemic and poor coordination. Many laws and regulations and policies from different departments, but a large number of legal norms did not constitute a "farm to fork" system of rules; on the contrary as a result of the legislative department, caused by the regulatory powers of the division, chaos regulatory standards, and even some areas, regulation Absence.
　　   2.'s Food safety perspective of industrial organization analysis
　　   2.1 The food industry market structure analysis
　　   Market structure of modern theory of industrial organization, especially the most basic framework for analysis of the SCP and the concept of research in a given market between the various elements and characteristics of internal relations, including between the provider market, the demand among, Between suppliers and demand in the market, as well as existing suppliers, and demand is entering the market providers, who demand relationship. In other words, a specific market of the various markets in the main market in the position, role, as well as their proportion in the market, the exchange of merchandise, that is, the formation of a specific industry market structure. In theory the market structure often divided into four types: perfect competition, which completely dominated the competition in monopoly, oligopoly. A study on the structural conditions of the market must have a certain amount of quantitative indicators to measure, which is common framework for analysis of the SCP analysis of a situation of the industry structure. An industry measurement of market concentration can be used two ways: First, the absolute focus on law and the other is the relative concentration of law. The main focus is law, including the industry concentration, the Herfindahl Index, the relative concentration of law, including Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient.
　　   ① industry concentration
　　   Industry concentration is the most commonly used, the most simple absolute concentration of the measure, is the industry's largest number of enterprises before the figure X (can be output, production, sales, sales volume, number of employees, Total assets, etc.) account for the entire industry or market share. Industry concentration reflects the sum of the number of enterprises with the scale of the two companies decided to structure the major markets, but industry concentration is the main rate reflects the number of large enterprises before the overall size and distribution, may not be able to reveal the large number of pre - The size and distribution of individual enterprises, even if the two of the industry concentration rate, but due to differences in the distribution of firm size, degree of competition in their monopoly will be different. At the same time, industry concentration will be the rate of the country as a whole, does not reflect the international economic relations and economic ties to the industry competitive, it is difficult to focus on the national rate is not high in the local high concentration of the localization industry, as well as inter-market products The competition, which is likely to underestimate or overestimate the industry competitive.
　　Absolute concentration formula:
　　CRn = ∑ (Xi / X) = ∑Si
　　One, X for the market's total sales of all enterprises, Xi market for the first i-business sales, CRn is the n-bit pre-market enterprises absolute concentration. Bain and control of the market to determine the structure of the classification.
　　Market Structure Classification
　　  ② Herfindahl Index:
　　Economists and government departments to control and a greater use of the indicator is the HHI, that is, He Fenda Berg Erxi Man index, the index is a measurement of industrial concentration of the index that all enterprises in the industry market share of the percentage of square和. Herfindahl Index is the industry indicator measuring market concentration in a better, with the following characteristics. (1) When an exclusive monopoly enterprises, the index equal to 10000, when the size of the enterprise all the same, the index equal to 1 / n, therefore the targets in the 1 / n ~ 100000 between changes in the value larger-scale enterprises show that the distribution of The higher the degree of uneven. (2) concentration of both absolute and relative concentration of the merits of targets and avoid their shortcomings. Because the value of large-scale enterprise PC market share to reflect a more sensitive, and many of the small business market share slightly to reflect changes in the very small. (3) can not be the number and size of the distribution business, a better measure of the degree of concentration of industry changes.