英語(yǔ)基本句型有五個(gè)：S+V, S+V+Cs, S+V+O, S+V+Oi+Od, S+V+Od+Co, 其共有特征是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(S+V).
句子成分主要有四種：主語(yǔ)S、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞V、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)Cs,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)Co）和賓語(yǔ)（直接賓語(yǔ)Od,間接賓語(yǔ)Oi).
●Pattern 1 (S + V)
1． 此句型中,“V” 是不及物動(dòng)詞,后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),如：
My right arm hurts.
但通常有后續(xù)成分或稱狀語(yǔ)(A),即 S+V+A,如：
She lived happily.
The sun rises every morning.
2． 在有些句子中,主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)或某一部分可省略,如：
(I) Hope to see you again soon.（省略主語(yǔ)）
Who called? Jane (did).（省略謂語(yǔ)）
●Pattern 2 (S + V + Cs)
1． 此句型的 “V” 是連系動(dòng)詞,“Cs” 是主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),或稱表語(yǔ).充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的有名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞 V-ing 形式或 V-ed 形式、不定式及名詞性從句等,如：
My first name is Bill.
Life is colorful.
Seeing is believing.
Our belief is that things will improve.
2． 常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有下列幾類：
a. 表示“判斷”：be；
b. 表示“變得”、“成為”：become, come, go, fall, get, grow, prove, turn 等；
c. 表示“保持著某一狀態(tài)”：hold, keep, lie, remain, rest, sit, stay 等；
d. 表示“看起來(lái)”、“好像”：appear, look, seem 等；
e. 表示“實(shí)感”：feel, sound, taste, smell 等.
e.g. She is a teacher and I am a doctor.
Spring comes and all trees turn green.
He stayed awake all night.
You don’t look happy, what's the matter?
Their plan sounds wonderful.
●Pattern 3 (S + V + O)
1． “V” 是及物動(dòng)詞,后面需跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ),可充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、V-ing 結(jié)構(gòu)及名詞性從句等,如：
I understand the program.
She asked to see the manager.
Mary is considering changing her job.
He said that he would call me tomorrow.
2． 這種結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)必須跟狀語(yǔ),意義才完整（即 S + V + O + A）,如：
We accepted their advice in buying a new car.
She completed the assignment just as the bell was ringing.
We don’t trust him because he often lies.
You make a promise only when you know you can keep it.
●Pattern 4 (S + V + Oi + Od)
1． 此句型的 “V” 稱為雙賓及物動(dòng)詞,其后需跟間接賓語(yǔ) “Oi”（通常指人）和直接賓語(yǔ) “Od”（通常指物或事）.
2． 此類動(dòng)詞大都具有給與的意義,常見(jiàn)的有allow, assign, award, bring, buy, cause, choose, fetch, find, get, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, recommend, refuse, render, return, sell, send, show, sing, take, telephone, touch, tell, throw, wish, write 等,如：
I gave him the book.
I’ll return you the dictionary soon.
3． 有時(shí)間接賓語(yǔ)可移至直接賓語(yǔ)之后,但要加相應(yīng)的介詞如 “to”,“for”,“of” 等,試比較：
Betty gave her daughter an apple.
→Betty gave an apple to her daughter.
Father bought him a bike.
→Father bought a bike for him.
He asked me a question.
→He asked a question of me.
●Pattern 5 (S + V + Od + Co)
該句型中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞雖有賓語(yǔ),但句子意義仍不完整,需加補(bǔ)語(yǔ) “Co” 補(bǔ)足其意義.充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)及分詞等,如：
We call him a fool.
We found the house empty.
Our neighbors built their wall high.
We believe you to be an honest man.
I heard them singing in the classroom.
常用的這類動(dòng)詞有：
appoint, believe, call, catch, choose, consider, declare, elect, fancy, feel, find, hear, imagine, judge, keep, know, leave, make, name, need, prefer, prove, see, select, suppose, think, vote 等.
Noun Clause(名詞從句)
名詞從句包括主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)等從句.它們可以由下列連詞引導(dǎo)：從屬連詞 that, whether, if；連接代詞 who(ever), whom, whose, what(ever), which(ever)；連接副詞 when, where, why, how, how much / many /long /often 等.
●主語(yǔ)從句在句中作主語(yǔ)
That mathematics finds its use in every science is evident.
Whoever is tired may rest.
Why the earth moves round the sun is quite clear now.
主語(yǔ)從句常放在句尾而用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)使句子更加平衡,這時(shí)口語(yǔ)中常省略 that, 如上面第一句改成“It is evident (that) mathematics finds its use in every science.”更好.
在下列情況下必須把主語(yǔ)從句放在句尾而用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)：
1． 主句謂語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),如：
It is said that he is a good doctor.
2． 主句是疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句時(shí),如：
Is it true that the film star will come?
How wonderful it is that we'll visit the Great Wall tomorrow.
3． 主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 appear, turn out, happen, occur, come, strike, follow, matter 等時(shí),如：
It happened that she had a cold and didn't go with us that day.
It turned out that I was wrong.
4． 表示說(shuō)話人的推測(cè)或評(píng)價(jià),如在 it seems, it may be, it is (un)likely, it is (im)possible, it is a pity, it is a wonder 等結(jié)構(gòu)中,如：
It seems that this test is reliable.
It is a pity (that) she can't go with us.
5． 強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的表語(yǔ)時(shí),如：
It is a mystery to me how it all happened.
It is necessary that he should do so.
●賓語(yǔ)從句在句中作賓語(yǔ)
I thought (that) you had read the book.
We should learn to tell whether an element is poisonous or not.
Do you know who invented this?
1． 賓語(yǔ)從句后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)常移至句末,而用 it 做形式賓語(yǔ)放在前面,如：
The experiment makes it clear that air has pressure.
2 賓語(yǔ)從句可作某些介詞和某些作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞的賓語(yǔ),如：
The resistance of a wire also depends upon what material it is made of.
We are sure (that) it will be a success.
3． 賓語(yǔ)從句可以是直接引語(yǔ)也可以是間接引語(yǔ),如：
He asked me, “Are you from Chengdu?”（直接引語(yǔ)）
He asked me whether I was from Chengdu.（間接引語(yǔ)）
●表語(yǔ)從句在句中作表語(yǔ)
The reason is (that) we haven't raised enough money.
That is what we want to know.
●同位語(yǔ)從句在句中作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明名詞及其短語(yǔ)的從句
I am in doubt whether I should buy or not.
He expressed his hope that he would visit China again.
Relative Clause(定語(yǔ)從句)
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有
1． 關(guān)系代詞 who, whom（代人）；which（代物）；that, whose, as （代人或物）.它們的數(shù)和人稱要和先行詞一致,格取決于它們?cè)诰渲谐洚?dāng)?shù)某煞?如：
A machine is a kind of device which (that) helps to do work.
Those who want tickets should go to the office.
The technician whom we met yesterday had worked out a new automatic device.
先行詞前有限定詞 all, any, every, (a)few, no, only, some, very 或序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)等修飾時(shí),或先行詞是指物的不定代詞 all, little, few,much, none 或 -thing 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),一般只用關(guān)系代詞 that,如：
Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.
There is not much that can be done.
I've made up my mind, and nothing (that) you say will change it.
先行詞是指示代詞 such 或 same 時(shí),只用 as, 先行詞被指示形容詞 such 或 same 修飾時(shí),通常用as,如：
This book is not such as I expected.
She said the same as she said before.
I've never seen such dogs as you describe.
I'll wear the same dress as I did last time.
2． 關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why, 它們都在從句中作狀語(yǔ),其先行詞總是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,如：
The days when they had to import grain from abroad have now passed.
Air moves from places where the pressure is higher to places where the pressure is lower.
He refused to tell the reason why he did it.