賓語(yǔ)從句
（一） 賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ)從句常由that引導(dǎo),在口語(yǔ)中常省略. 當(dāng)主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不受主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的 影響,按需要可以使用任何時(shí)態(tài).如： She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 她說(shuō)她從周一至周五上班.（從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)） She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 她說(shuō)她要在他桌子上留個(gè)便條.（從句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)） She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei. 她說(shuō)她從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)峨眉山.（從句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)） 當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),從句中的時(shí)態(tài)一般用表示過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài).如： He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 他說(shuō)昨天下午沒(méi)有課.（從句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)） He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 他說(shuō)他會(huì)去照看這個(gè)嬰兒.（從句是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)） He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 他說(shuō)他們那時(shí)正在開(kāi)會(huì).（從句是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)） *當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),而賓語(yǔ)從句敘述某一客觀真理（事實(shí)）時(shí), 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).如： The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 老師告訴我們世上無(wú)難事只怕有心人. She said (that) her father is twenty-eight years older than her. 她說(shuō)她父親比她大二十八歲. He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他說(shuō)光傳播比聲音傳播快得多. 賓語(yǔ)從句（二） 由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句. 引出名詞性從句的連詞whether和if,在引出賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用法和意義相同.但是只能引出賓語(yǔ)從句和不在句首的主語(yǔ)從句,而whether除了引出賓語(yǔ)從句外,還可引出主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句.例如： We don't know whether (if) it is right. 我們不知道它是否正確. The question is whether she should do that. 問(wèn)題在于她是否應(yīng)該做那件事. Whether it is true remains a question. 是真是假還是個(gè)問(wèn)題. 試比較： 當(dāng)if從句處在主句之后作“是否”講時(shí),引出的是賓語(yǔ)從句.例如： I don't know if it is true. 我不知道這事是否真實(shí). 當(dāng)if從句在主句之前作“如果”講,則引出狀語(yǔ)從句.例如： I shall go there if I have time. 如果我有時(shí)間,我將到那兒去.
定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語(yǔ),修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞.定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出.
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等.
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等.
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分.關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致.
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見(jiàn)的人嗎?（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人.（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
2) Whose 用來(lái)指人或物,(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物,它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū).
3）which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮.（which / that在句中作主語(yǔ)）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ).
1）when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2）that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略,例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了.
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方.
1.定語(yǔ)從句在句中起到定語(yǔ)的作用；名詞性從句在句中起名詞的作用,如：主,賓,表,同位.
2.定語(yǔ)從句必須要有先行詞；名詞性從句則沒(méi)有.
3.關(guān)于that.that在引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),在從句中作一定的成分,而在名詞性從句中,只起連接的作用,沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義.
英語(yǔ)中從句有三種：狀語(yǔ)從句（副詞性從句）；定語(yǔ)從句（形容詞性從句）；名詞性從句（包括主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）.什么名稱的從句即在整個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)什么樣的成分.例如：

狀語(yǔ)從句：

1.i didn't catch the train because i get up late this morning.(because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
2. if it should rain tomorrow ,we would put off the meeting.(if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句)
3.As I was wandering in the street, I met her.（as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句）
4.Where there is a will, there is a way.（where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句）
5.Although (though) I gave him some advice, he didn’t take them. （although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句）
6.You should do your homework as i did.（as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句）
7.Cherry was walking quickly so that (in order that) she could arrived at the cinema in time. （so that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句）
8.She is such a nice teacher that all of us love her.（such..that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句）.
定語(yǔ)從句
是相當(dāng)于形容詞的作用限定修飾名詞或代詞的.所以定語(yǔ)從句一般是放在名詞或代詞后面的.（定語(yǔ)從句分限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,今天實(shí)在沒(méi)時(shí)間打那么多了,改天再細(xì)細(xì)告訴你兩者區(qū)分吧）.
1.The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ))
2.I´m not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人,在定從中作表語(yǔ))
3.The house where they live is not very large（where指in the house）
4.This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting. （why引導(dǎo)的從句限定reason）
但不是表時(shí)間的先行詞都用when引導(dǎo)定從,不是表地點(diǎn)的先行詞都用where引導(dǎo)定從.
例如：5.We´ll visit the factory which(＝that) makes radios.
(which或that在定從中作主語(yǔ),where不可用主語(yǔ),故不可用)
6.They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.
(which或that在定從中作spent的賓語(yǔ),when不可作賓語(yǔ),故不可用)
名詞性從句
主語(yǔ)從句用作主語(yǔ),如：：
That the earth is round is true. 地球?yàn)閳A的是真實(shí)的.
賓語(yǔ)從句用作賓語(yǔ).如：
Do you know where he lives?
表語(yǔ)從句用作表語(yǔ),如：
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意見(jiàn)是你不應(yīng)單獨(dú)前往.
同位語(yǔ)從句用于解釋說(shuō)明前面的名詞.如：
The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圓的的事實(shí)是真實(shí)的.（that從句用于解釋說(shuō)明the fact）
不知對(duì)你有幫助沒(méi)?如果還有什么疑問(wèn)盡管提.我會(huì)盡力的來(lái)解釋清楚追問(wèn)我的疑點(diǎn)是怎么區(qū)分他們啊?分析一個(gè)句子看起來(lái)也像賓從、狀從、同位從（差不多這個(gè)意思）如你寫(xiě)的這個(gè)句子：Do you know where he lives? where為什么不是引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句?This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.why為什么不是引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句?解釋說(shuō)明thereason抽象名詞啊就像所有的抽象名詞并不一定是同位從,我該怎么區(qū)別啊?My opinion is that 這個(gè)我知道是表從去了is同位從嗎?
回答應(yīng)為這里where跟在konw后是做他的賓語(yǔ),她主要充當(dāng)?shù)氖莻€(gè)賓語(yǔ)的成分,而你感覺(jué)它像在說(shuō)地方,那只是它表達(dá)的意思,而判斷它的成分主要看他在整個(gè)句子中的用法.它并沒(méi)有做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)修飾哪個(gè)詞,不信你自己仔細(xì)看看,它只是做賓語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)從句：在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用,如：I konw that he has returned. 其中that he has returned作為賓語(yǔ)來(lái)用,為賓語(yǔ)從句.
狀語(yǔ)從句：起副詞作用,分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等.
定語(yǔ)從句：用作修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分,相當(dāng)于形容詞,又叫形容詞性從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面,如：I konw the reason why he was so angry.如果將why he was so angry去掉,原句主句部分仍可成句.
表語(yǔ)從句：多接在be動(dòng)詞后面,用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ),如：The question is how he did it.