并列復(fù)合句
1、基本概念：
并列復(fù)合句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列而又獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成.兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句常由并列連接詞連在一起；但有時(shí)不用連接詞,只在兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間用一逗號(hào)或分號(hào).
2、常見(jiàn)的并列句：
(1) 用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列概念的連接詞有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等,and所連接的前后分句往往表示先后關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系.前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一個(gè)分句是祈使句,那么第二個(gè)分句用將來(lái)時(shí).
(2) 表示在兩者之間選擇一個(gè), 常用的連接詞有or,otherwise,or else,either…or…等,前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一個(gè)分句是祈使句,那么第二個(gè)分句用將來(lái)時(shí).
(3) 表明兩個(gè)概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者轉(zhuǎn)折, 常用的連接詞有but,yet,still ,however等,前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致.
(4) 說(shuō)明原因, 用連接詞for ,前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致.
(5) 表示結(jié)果,用連接詞so, 前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致.
主從復(fù)合句
1、概念：
主從復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成.主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個(gè)次要成分,不能獨(dú)立成為一個(gè)句子.從句通常由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo),并由關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起.如：While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們很愛(ài)孩子,同時(shí)對(duì)他們也嚴(yán)格要求.) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來(lái)會(huì)議沒(méi)完沒(méi)了.) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快點(diǎn), 要不然就來(lái)不及了.) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃.)
2、分類：
從句按其在復(fù)合句中的作用,分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等.（參見(jiàn)以下各條）
3、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法：
(1) 表語(yǔ)從句：在句子中作連系動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)的從句,它位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后
例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.
(2) 賓語(yǔ)從句：在句子中作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ).
①基本形式：（主句＋）連詞+從句主語(yǔ)+從句謂語(yǔ)+...
② 關(guān)于賓語(yǔ)從句連詞的選擇：
若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語(yǔ)中that可以省略;
若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句,連詞則用if 或whether;
若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句,則連詞就是疑問(wèn)詞(如what,who,where,when等)
例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計(jì)算機(jī)終將代替人類.) (從句本來(lái)就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長(zhǎng)跟前說(shuō)點(diǎn)什么.) (從句來(lái)源于一般問(wèn)句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他問(wèn)我在哪兒能搞到那樣的藥.) (從句來(lái)源于特殊問(wèn)句Where can he get such medicine? )
③ 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題：如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)態(tài),甚至可以用過(guò)去時(shí)；
如主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句則相應(yīng)地使用過(guò)去某一時(shí)態(tài),遇到客觀真理時(shí)仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí).如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學(xué)期我的英語(yǔ)會(huì)學(xué)得好點(diǎn).) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老師問(wèn)那個(gè)男孩地球是不是圓的.)
④ 下列結(jié)構(gòu)后面的從句一般也作為賓語(yǔ)從句看待：
be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that從句,如：I’m sorry I’m late. (對(duì)不起,我遲到了.) /I’m afraid heisn’tinatthe moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家.)
(3) 狀語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中作狀語(yǔ),其位置可以在主句前或主句后.狀語(yǔ)從句可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種.狀語(yǔ)從句由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo).
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引導(dǎo).時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代.如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了.) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (媽媽回來(lái)了我才會(huì)走.)
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 where, wherever等引導(dǎo).如：Go back where you came from! (哪里來(lái)還滾到哪里去!) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記去抓住那個(gè)偷我項(xiàng)鏈的賊,無(wú)論他會(huì)在哪里.)
原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常由because, since, as等引導(dǎo),一般放在句首或句尾.如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出國(guó)了,因?yàn)樗赣H給他找了一所好大學(xué).)
目的狀語(yǔ)從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引導(dǎo),往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第一班車.)
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引導(dǎo),放在句尾.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句一般表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,故多為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài).如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那么多輛自行車,他決定再也不買新車了.)
比較狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引導(dǎo),一般省略從句的謂語(yǔ)部分,只剩下名詞或代詞(用主格或賓格均可).如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了.) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我書沒(méi)有你多)
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導(dǎo).如：Even if you pay the debt(債務(wù)) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我還了債我也不會(huì)感謝你,因?yàn)樗c我毫無(wú)關(guān)系.) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,盡管天很冷.)
條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導(dǎo),條件狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代.You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即將來(lái)到的期末考試你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功.) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去徒步旅行.)
[注意] 1、because與so；(al)though與but；if與so不可以同在一個(gè)句子中成對(duì)出現(xiàn).2、時(shí)間、條件、原因,讓步狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)需要用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi).
(4) 定語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句.
① 定語(yǔ)從句的位置：放在名詞或代詞的后面.如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我的叔叔.)
② 語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)的改變：被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞；引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞稱為關(guān)系詞,其中that、which、who稱為關(guān)系代詞,where、when、how稱為關(guān)系副詞.
③ 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的作用：
關(guān)系代詞who、whom 和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ).which指物that多指物, 有時(shí)也指人,它們?cè)趶木渲锌梢宰髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ).定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作從句賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略.This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個(gè)就是我們近日一直在找的小偷.) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請(qǐng)找一間足夠大能住下我們?nèi)w的房間.)
關(guān)系副詞when或where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),它們?cè)趶木渲蟹謩e作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ).如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個(gè)星期前他們吵架的房間.) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次見(jiàn)到你的日子.)
④ 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句.限制性定語(yǔ)從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間往往用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),這種從句是一種附加說(shuō)明,如果從句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思.如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一個(gè)晚上都在談?wù)撍罱臅?我們一個(gè)人都沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)那本書.)
[注解]
1、關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況：當(dāng)先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級(jí),或含有序數(shù)詞時(shí),不能用其他的關(guān)系代詞,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實(shí).) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點(diǎn)里面沒(méi)有糖的東西?) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運(yùn)行于我市的雙層公交車.)
2、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物. 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)在角落里哭泣的女人嗎?) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無(wú)關(guān)的話,請(qǐng)一個(gè)字也不要說(shuō).)
3、關(guān)系代詞作從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關(guān)系代詞常常省略.如：Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老師第一個(gè)談話的人.)
4、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時(shí),必須用which或whom,而當(dāng)介詞移到句尾時(shí),則又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the roomMiss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經(jīng)居住過(guò)的房間.)
(5) 主語(yǔ)從句：在句子中充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句.位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前.通常由that,whether以及疑問(wèn)連詞引導(dǎo).一般情況下,常用it替代主語(yǔ)從句,而將主語(yǔ)從句移到句尾.如：When we should start is still a question. (我們?cè)撛谑裁磿r(shí)候開(kāi)始還是個(gè)問(wèn)題呢.)