這兩個(gè)詞都屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)術(shù)語
Absolute advantage （絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢）：the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity 依據(jù)生產(chǎn)者的產(chǎn)量在一種商品的生產(chǎn)者之間所作的比較
Comparative advantage (相對(duì)優(yōu)勢、比較優(yōu)勢)：the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost 依據(jù)生產(chǎn)者的機(jī)會(huì)成本在一種商品的生產(chǎn)者之間所做的比較
注：opportunity cost （機(jī)會(huì)成本）whatever must be given up to obtain some item 獲得一些商品而必須放棄的任何成本 （經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家也認(rèn)為機(jī)會(huì)成本是將公司的資源運(yùn)用在下一項(xiàng)最有盈利的項(xiàng)目所需預(yù)計(jì)的盈利 引自Lexisnexis 英漢法律詞典）
舉例：
Robinson Crusoe can gather 10 coconuts or catch 1 fish per hour.His friend Friday can gather 30 coconuts or catch 2 fish per hour.
Question:
(1)\x09Who has an absolute advantage in catching fish?
(2)\x09What is Crusoe’s opportunity cost of catching one fish?What is Friday’s?
(3)\x09Who has a comparative advantage in catching fish?
解析：根據(jù)題干已知條件列表
表一 Absolute advantage
Unit:Per hour
Coconuts Fish
Crusoe 10 1
Friday 30 2
通過表一可計(jì)算出Crusoe釣魚的產(chǎn)量是每小時(shí)1條,Friday釣魚的產(chǎn)量是每半小時(shí)1條（或者說每小時(shí)2條）,故顯然Friday釣魚有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢.其實(shí)同理可知Friday摘椰子也有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢.
表二 Opportunity cost
1 coconut 1 fish
Crusoe 1/10 fish 10 coconuts
Friday 1/5 fish 15 coconuts
簡單做除法計(jì)算可知,Crusoe釣魚的機(jī)會(huì)成本是每釣1條魚就要放棄摘10個(gè)椰子
而Friday釣魚的機(jī)會(huì)成本則為每釣1條魚就要放棄15個(gè)椰子,因而我們可以理解實(shí)際上Crusoe釣魚的機(jī)會(huì)成本要比Friday小,即前者比后者因釣魚所放棄的成本更小,因此從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度來看,讓Crusoe來釣魚,Friday來摘椰子更經(jīng)濟(jì)可行,我們因此也得出另一個(gè)結(jié)論：Crusoe相比于Friday在釣魚方面更有比較優(yōu)勢（即相對(duì)優(yōu)勢）.
參考：概念和例子來源于曼昆《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理》（第3版 英文版,清華大學(xué)出版社 2006年） 第三章 相互依存性與貿(mào)易的好處
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