現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
動詞發(fā)生在過去,影響到現(xiàn)在,延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,某種經(jīng)歷.
句型
基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+have/has+過去分詞(done)
①肯定句：主語+have/has+過去分詞+其他
②否定句：主語+have/has+not+過去分詞+其他
　?、垡话阋蓡柧洌篐ave/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他
　?、芴厥庖蓡柧洌禾厥庖蓡栐~+一般疑問句（have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他）
用法
（1）定義：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生過或完成的動作或狀態(tài),但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,也就是說,動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在.
　　I have had no money to spend now.(現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了.)
　　Jane has laid the table.(簡已經(jīng)擺桌子.)
　　Michael has been ill.(現(xiàn)在仍然很虛弱)
　　He has returned from abroad. (現(xiàn)在已在此地)
　?。?）定義：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來表示發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況,常與for,since連用.
　　Mary has been ill for three days.
　　I have lived here since 1998.
　　注意：1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間連用,
　　如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非與for,since連用.
　　2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用
　　如already, yet, just, before, recently,still, lately等:
　　He has already obtained a scholarship.
　　I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
　　We have seen that film before.
　　Have they found the missing child yet ?
　　3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用,
　　如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
　　Have you ever been to Beijing
　　I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
　　I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
　　George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
　　4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用,
　　如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
　　Peter has written six papers so far.
　　Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
　　There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
　　The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
　　Up to the present everything has been successful.
　　5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在之前業(yè)已完成的動作,雖然其效果或影響仍然存在但已不再繼續(xù),但是有一些現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子,在后面加上for+一段時(shí)間,則現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動作就表示延續(xù)性.
　　Thomas has studied Russian. (現(xiàn)在不再學(xué)俄語)
　　Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2點(diǎn)用法第一個(gè)例句)
　　6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來表示過去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動作.
　　We have had four texts this semester.
　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
　　1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"
　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動作發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束,但該動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響,與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系.
　　例如：He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了.(動作結(jié)束于過去,但說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了.)
　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動作不延續(xù),因此,該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時(shí)間狀語(如：already,yet,before,recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(如：never,ever,once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(如：this morning ／ month ／year...,today等)連用.
　　例如： Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?
　　2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"
　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動作開始于過去某一時(shí)刻,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去.
　　例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來,他一直住在這兒.(動作起始于1978年,一直住到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)住下去.)
　　I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了.(動作開始于5年前,一直延續(xù)至今,有可能還要繼續(xù)下去.)
　　此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(由since或for引導(dǎo)),或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(如：up to now,so far)等.
　　例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息.
　　注意：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動詞,不可用于終止性動詞,即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動詞.如：come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等.
　　(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見兩種句型：
　　①for短語
　?、贗t is＋一段時(shí)間＋ since從句
　　3.一段時(shí)間+has passed+since從句
　　4.主語＋have / has been＋since短語
　　例如：He has been in the League for three years.
　　或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了
　　一.have/has been doing sth.
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的謂語動詞構(gòu)成.
　　I/ we/ you/ they have been working
　　he/ she/ it has been working
　　（一）表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作,并且還將持續(xù)下去.
　　The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
　　中國有2000年的造紙歷史.（動作還將繼續(xù)下去）
　　I have been learning English since three years ago.
　　自從三年前以來我一直在學(xué)英語.（動作還將繼續(xù)下去）
　?。ǘ┍硎驹谡f話時(shí)刻之前剛剛結(jié)束的動作.
　　We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
　　我們已經(jīng)等你半個(gè)鐘頭了.（動作不再繼續(xù)下去）
　　（三）有些現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子等同于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子.
　　They have been living in this city for ten years.
　　They have lived in this city for ten years.
　　他們在這個(gè)城市已經(jīng)住了10年了.
　　I have been working here for five years.
　　I have worked here for five years.
　　我在這里已經(jīng)工作兩年了.
　?。ㄋ模┐蠖鄶?shù)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子不等同于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子.
　　I have been writing a book.（動作還將繼續(xù)下去）
　　我一直在寫一本書.
　　I have written a book.（動作已經(jīng)完成）
　　我已經(jīng)寫了一本書.
　　They have been building a bridge.
　　他們一直在造一座橋.
　　They have built a bridge.
　　他們造了一座橋.
　　（五）表示狀態(tài)的動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí).
　　I have known him for years.
　　我認(rèn)識他已經(jīng)好幾年了.
　　* I have been knowing...
　　這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動詞還有：love愛,like喜歡,
　　hate討厭,等.
　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
　　1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響.
　　2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用,或無時(shí)間狀語.
　　共同的時(shí)間狀語:
　　this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語
　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
　　不確定的時(shí)間狀語
　　3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),動詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
　　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) :
　　其構(gòu)成形式如下：
　　I / we / they have
　　He / she / it has been + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
　　功用如下：
　　1） 表示一個(gè)在過去開始而在最近剛剛結(jié)束的行動,如：
　　Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
　　Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
　　2) 表示一個(gè)從過去開始但仍在進(jìn)行的行動,如：
　　It has been raining for two hours. (現(xiàn)在還在下)
　　Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
　　3) 表示一個(gè)從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個(gè)階段內(nèi),重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動,如：
　　She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
　　4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作行為的結(jié)果、影響,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)動作行為本身,如：
　　Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
　　The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
　　注意：
　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有否定結(jié)構(gòu),而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)沒有否定結(jié)構(gòu).
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可表示做完的時(shí)期以及已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不可以
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)：強(qiáng)調(diào)過去那一段過程(對現(xiàn)在的影響)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
I have done it.我已經(jīng)做了
強(qiáng)調(diào)你做過的事情的本身,現(xiàn)在有否做不是關(guān)鍵
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
I have been doing it for years. 我已經(jīng)做了幾年了.
說明這個(gè)行動沒有斷過,現(xiàn)在還在做.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)過去完成的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響.
例：-Would you like to have lunch with me ?
-I have had it.
意思是說我吃過,不能跟你一起去了.
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)進(jìn)行,現(xiàn)在動作還在進(jìn)行.
例： I have been working in this factory for 5 years.
表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間之久,目前還在那工作.
簡單的來說,完成時(shí)態(tài)就是在過去發(fā)生的事情,做這件事情的動作在過去完結(jié),而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則是做一個(gè)動作從過去一直延長到現(xiàn)在.