free morpheme and bound morpheme 自由語素和粘著語素
Morphemes can be classified into two types in terms of their capacity of occuring alone.根據(jù)能否單獨出現(xiàn),可以將語素分為兩類.
free morpheme(自由語素):-------Those morphemes which may occur alone, that is , those which may constitue words by themselves, are free morphemes(能單獨出現(xiàn),也就是能獨自成詞的,叫做自由語素.)
Free morphemes: morphemes which may constitute words by themselves
bound morpheme(粘著語素): -s in dogs, -al in national, and dis- n disclose, cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another morpheme, and are called bound morphemes.(dogs中的-s, national 中的-al, disclose中的dis-不能單獨出現(xiàn),它們必須跟至少一個其他語素共現(xiàn),這樣的語素叫做粘著語素.)
Bound morphemes: morphemes which can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words
root, affix and stem 詞根,詞綴和詞干
（1）root(詞根): the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity.That is to say, it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. (詞根是詞的基本形式,不能再作進一步的分析而完全不損失同一性.也就是說,去掉所有的詞綴后,詞所剩下的部分就是詞根.
All words contain a root morpheme.所有的詞都包含一個詞根語素.
A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning ; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.詞根,粘著語素的一種,往往被看作是一個單詞的一個部分.它本身有清楚,確定的意義,卻不能被單獨使用,而只能與另外一個詞根結(jié)合在一起或與另外一個詞綴結(jié)合在一起才能形成一個單詞.
（2）affix(詞綴): the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem).(詞綴是一個構(gòu)詞成分的集合,它們只能附加于另一個語素詞根或詞干上.)
Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix, depending on their position with reference to the root or stem of the word.語言中詞綴的數(shù)量總是有限的,根據(jù)它們跟詞根或詞干的相對位置,一般可以把詞綴分外三小類：前綴,后綴和中綴.
Prefix前綴----prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.dis-; un-; mis- para-; mini- ; 前綴通常改變原來單詞的意義,但不改變其詞性.
Exception: be-; en-; em-;Added to adjectives or nouns they turn the words into verbs.
For example: little----belittle; large---enlarge; rich---enrich; body---embody
Suffix后綴:-----suffixes are added to the end of stems; they modify the meaning of the orginal word and in many cases change its part of speech. -ly; -ness; -tion; -ise; 后綴加在詞干后面,通常改變原來詞的意義,并且大所數(shù)情況下改變詞性.
Infix中綴:foot/feet; goose/geese ;–oo-; -ee- ;