定語(yǔ)從句
　　定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句,其作用是作定語(yǔ)修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分,相當(dāng)于形容詞,所以又稱為形容詞性從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面.在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞叫做定語(yǔ)從句.
關(guān)系詞
　　引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞,關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞.關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,絕對(duì)沒(méi)有what；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等.關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：
　　①連接作用,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.
　?、诖嬷骶渲械南刃性~,甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整個(gè)主句.
　　③在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一句子成分.
　　注：關(guān)系代詞有主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)之分.一般whom作為賓語(yǔ).關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)等,關(guān)系副詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),原因狀語(yǔ)等.
定語(yǔ)
　　定語(yǔ)用來(lái)限定、修飾名詞或代詞的,是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)和分詞短語(yǔ)）或句子,漢語(yǔ)中常用‘……的’表示.主要由形容詞擔(dān)任,此外,名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,分詞,副詞,不定式以及介詞短語(yǔ)也可以來(lái)?yè)?dān)任,也可以由一個(gè)句子來(lái)?yè)?dān)任.單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語(yǔ).短語(yǔ)和從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語(yǔ).
先行詞
　　被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞、代詞稱為先行詞.
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句舉例
　　關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分.關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致.
who, whom, that
　　這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,who做主語(yǔ)指人,whom作賓語(yǔ)指人,that既可作主語(yǔ)又可作賓語(yǔ)（作賓語(yǔ)可以省略）,可以指人也可以指物.在從句中所起作用如下：
　　(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想見(jiàn)你的人嗎?（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）
　　(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人.（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
Whose 用來(lái)指人或物
　　(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物,它還可以同of which互換,指人的時(shí)候也可以用of whom 代替）
　　(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙.
　　(2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is green.　請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū).
which, that
　　它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略,例如：
　　(1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮.（which / that在句中作主語(yǔ)）
　　(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那個(gè)包裹快要散開(kāi)了.(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）
　　4、 as
　　as 可以做主語(yǔ),也可以作賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略,指人或者物.常與such as,the same as等短語(yǔ)連用.
限定性定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞
　　關(guān)系代詞：在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)
　　1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它們?cè)趶木渲凶髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷躁P(guān)系詞,which在從句中作賓語(yǔ)也可以省略.[eg：This is the book （which）you want.]
　　2. 如果which在從句中作“不及物動(dòng)詞＋介詞”的介詞的賓語(yǔ),注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來(lái)的位置
　　3. 代表物時(shí)多用which,但在下列情況中用that而不用which：
　　a)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代詞時(shí)；
　　b)先行詞由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí),這時(shí)的that常被省略；
　　c)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)；
　　d)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)；
　　e)整個(gè)句中前面已有which,who,that時(shí)；
　　f)當(dāng)先行詞為物并作表語(yǔ)時(shí)；
　　g)先行詞為one時(shí)；
　　h)先行詞同時(shí)又被the only,the very,the same修飾時(shí)；
　　4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人,分別作從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要注意它可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)
　　5. whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導(dǎo)的從句可以修飾人和物, 當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時(shí), 可以與 of which 調(diào)換,表達(dá)的意思一樣.
關(guān)系副詞
　　關(guān)系副詞：在句中作狀語(yǔ)
　　關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞
　　why=for which
　　where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)
　　when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)
　　1. where是關(guān)系副詞,用來(lái)表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句.
　　2. when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間［注］值得一提的是,表示時(shí)間“time"一詞的定語(yǔ)從句只用when引導(dǎo),有時(shí)不用任何關(guān)系代詞,當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo).
　　By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到達(dá)倫敦的時(shí)候,我們?cè)谀抢镆呀?jīng)待了兩個(gè)星期.
　　I still remember the first time I met her. 我仍然記得我第一次見(jiàn)到她.
　　Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc. 每一次他去出差,他帶來(lái)了生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等,很多.
　　3. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語(yǔ)是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時(shí),常用there is來(lái)引導(dǎo)
　　There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 這里有人要和你說(shuō)話.
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
　　非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明,通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
　　1. which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)說(shuō)明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分
　　2.當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí),其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的,例如：
　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師.
　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園.
　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍.
　　3.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù),例如：
　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思,這使我心煩.
　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?這就叫做蒸發(fā).
　　4. 有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞
　　5. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,不能用關(guān)系副詞why和關(guān)系代詞that,而用who, whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物,如果需要用why,
　　可用for which代替.；
　　p.s: which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句其后不可省略成分,as可以
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
who指人在從句中做主語(yǔ)
　　(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩們是一班的.
　　(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天,我?guī)椭艘粋€(gè)迷路的老人.
whom指人
　　在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),常省略.（注：who和whom已無(wú)太大區(qū)別,基本可以通用.區(qū)別是who可以做主語(yǔ)而whom不可以,whom前可以加介詞如to whom,但是who不可以）
　　(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 劉先生就是在公交車上和你聊天的那個(gè)人.
　　(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想見(jiàn)的那個(gè)男孩.
　　(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你剛剛見(jiàn)到的那個(gè)人就是我的朋友.
　　注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用who代替,可省略.
　　如果在從句中做賓語(yǔ),就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那個(gè)和我聊天的男人.
　　如果是在從句中作主語(yǔ)就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那個(gè)有英語(yǔ)書(shū)的男人.
whose通常指人也可指物
　　在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ).
　　(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一個(gè)朋友的父親是醫(yī)生.
　　(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
　　whoes指物時(shí)通常以以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替
　　(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.那個(gè)門被打破的教室不久會(huì)被修復(fù).
　　(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.課堂門,被打破會(huì)不久被修復(fù).
　　(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?你喜歡顏色是黃色的書(shū)嗎?
　　(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?你喜歡的書(shū)的顏色,是黃色嗎?
　　which指物
　　在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略.
　　(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多數(shù)男孩都喜歡的游戲.
　　(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 這是他昨天剛買的鋼筆.
that指人時(shí)
　　相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which.
　　在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ),做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略.
　　(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.數(shù)目的人民那個(gè)/誰(shuí)來(lái)城市觀光每年上升之一個(gè)百萬(wàn)
　　(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?那個(gè)男人在哪里/我看見(jiàn)誰(shuí)了今天早上?
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
when指時(shí)間
　　在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也可做連接詞用
　　(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
　　(2) The time when we got together finally came.
where指地點(diǎn)
　　在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
　　(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
　　(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
why指原因
　　在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)
　　(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
　　(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
　　注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換
　　(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
　　(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
介詞和關(guān)系代詞
　　1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略.
　　2）that前不能有介詞.
　　3） 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換.　
　　This is the house in which I lived two years ago.　
　　This is the house where I lived two years ago.　
　　Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?　
　　Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
　　This is the reason why he came late.
　　This is the reason for which he came late.
　　介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)
　　從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)
　　當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時(shí),關(guān)系代詞只能用which/whom即“介詞+which/whom"且不能省略.但當(dāng)介詞位于末尾時(shí)可用that/which/who/whom.作介詞的賓語(yǔ),且可以省略.例如：
　　(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous."that/which"可以省略
　　= The school in which he once studied is very famous."which”不可省略
　　(2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
　　= Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
　　(3) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
　　= We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
　　注意：
　　1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用,如：look for, look after, take care of等
　　T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正確)
　　F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝錯(cuò)誤)
　　2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom,不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which,不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose
　　(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
　　The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)
　　(2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
　　The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
　　3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞
　　(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
　　(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
　　(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
關(guān)系代詞
　　關(guān)系代詞（一般情況下）that 可用who ,whom 和which在從句做主語(yǔ),謂動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),但是不能做介詞的賓語(yǔ).
　　which指物,在從句中作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；
　　who在從句中作主語(yǔ)；
　　whom在從句中作賓語(yǔ)；
　　where在從句中修飾表地點(diǎn)的名詞,做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)；
　　when在從句中通常修飾表時(shí)間的名詞,做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；
　　why在從句中做原因狀語(yǔ),先行詞通常是"reason"
　　有時(shí)why也可用for+which代替.
　　例：A doctor is a person ‖who looks after people's health.
　　主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 先行詞 定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞
判斷介詞和關(guān)系代詞
　　方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.不及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞；而及物動(dòng)詞后接賓語(yǔ),則要求用關(guān)系代詞.例如：　
　　This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.　
　　I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.　
　　判斷改錯(cuò)（注：先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線；用不同的顏色表示出.）　
　　（錯(cuò)） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.　
　?。ㄥe(cuò)） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.　
　?。▽?duì)） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.　
　　（對(duì)） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.　
　　習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起.此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上.其他的呢