英語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)和時(shí)間是兩個(gè)不同的概念.時(shí)間是一種客觀存在的形式,它不依賴于任何一種特定的語言,為所有的文化共有.時(shí)態(tài)是一種語言的手段,依語言的不同而有所區(qū)別,它是屬于動(dòng)詞的語法范疇.英語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是以動(dòng)詞形式變化來表示句子中談到的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)的時(shí)間關(guān)系和說話的時(shí)間.因此我們可以看到時(shí)態(tài)和時(shí)間兩者間雖然有關(guān)系,但不可以混淆.
The plane leaves tomorrow morning. 飛機(jī)明晨起飛.
此句中的時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),但是它所表示的時(shí)間卻為將來（明晨）
英語動(dòng)詞的常用時(shí)態(tài)總共有十六種：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 一般過去時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
一般將來時(shí) 將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)
將來完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1． 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的形式
是以動(dòng)詞的原形表示的,當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),做謂語的動(dòng)詞原形后要加上詞尾-s or –es, 其構(gòu)成方式列表如下：
情況 構(gòu)成 例詞
一般情況 詞尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o結(jié)尾的詞 詞尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes
以輔音字母+Y 結(jié)尾的詞 變Y為I,再加-es Tries, carries
但是,動(dòng)詞to be 和to have 的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的形式特殊如下：
一般動(dòng)詞的詞形變化 To be 的詞形變化 To have 的詞形變化
I know it I am a student I have a pen.
You know it. You are a student You have a pen
He (she) knows it. He (she) is a student. He (she)has a pen.
We (you,they) know it. We (you,they) are students. We (you,they) have pens.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的功用
1. 表示一直發(fā)生的事情,經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
Excuse me, do you speak English?
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning.
It often rains in summer in Beijing.
2. 表示客觀事實(shí)或者真理：
Birds fly.
The earth goes around the sun.
3. 談?wù)摃r(shí)間表、旅程表等,如：
What time does the film begin?
The football match starts at 8 o’clock.
Tomorrow is Thursday.
4. 談?wù)摷?、國籍?如：
Where do you come from?
I come from China. 你是哪國人?我是中國人.
Where do you come from?
I come from Guangzhou. 你是哪里人?我是廣州人.
5. 詢問或者引用書籍、通知或新近接到的信箋內(nèi)容,如：
What does that notice say?
What does Ann say in her letter?
She says she’s coming to Beijing next week.
Shakespears says, “Neither a borrower or a lender be.”
莎士比亞說：“既不要向人借錢,也不要借錢給別人.”
一般過去時(shí)
一般過去時(shí)是表示在說話時(shí)間以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài),它是英語時(shí)態(tài)體系中最重要的時(shí)態(tài)之一.
1) 一般過去時(shí)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成形式：
規(guī)則動(dòng)詞在其原形后面加-ed:
to work-worked
以字母e結(jié)尾的規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,只加-d:
to love---loved
對(duì)所有人稱均無詞形變化.
否定式均由did not + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成
I / you / he / she / they / we did not work.
疑問式均由 did + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞原形 構(gòu)成
拼寫注意：
情況 變化 例詞
動(dòng)詞為單音節(jié),以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾 輔音字母雙寫,再加-ed Stop-stoppedAdmit—admitted
以y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,在y 前為輔音字母時(shí) Y 變?yōu)?I ,加 – ed Carry –carriedHurry –hurried
以y 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,在y 前為元音字母時(shí) 加—ed Obey—obeyedEnjoy---enjoyed
在英語當(dāng)中有一部分動(dòng)詞的過去式變化形式是不規(guī)則的,這類動(dòng)詞被稱為不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞.總數(shù)大概不過200多個(gè),但是使用頻率很高.主要分成三類：
1》 第一類不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的三種形式同形,如：
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hurt hurt hurt
shut shut shut
set set set
注意,有些動(dòng)詞的過去式與過去分詞有兩中形式,如：
bet bet / betted bet / betted
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted
2》 第二類不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞同形,如：
bend bent bent
bring brought brought
catch caught caught
hide hid hid / hidden
get got got/ gotten(AmE)
lead led led
3》 第三類不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同,如：
原形 過去式 過去分詞
begin began begun
break broke broken
forbid forbade forbidden
grow grew grown
ring rang rung
wake woke / waked woken / waked
此外還有少數(shù)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞與原形相同,如：
come came come
become became become
run ran run
一般過去時(shí)的功用
1） 表示一個(gè)沒指明具體時(shí)間的過去的行動(dòng),如：
He worked in that bank for four years. (沒說明起始時(shí)間,但是現(xiàn)在不在那里工作了).
They once saw Deng Xiaopin.
Did you ever hear BackStreet Boy sing?
2) 表示在過去特定的時(shí)間結(jié)束的行動(dòng),如：
When did you meet him?
I met him yesterday.
When we lived in Phoenix, we studied at Arizona State University.
Where have you been?
I’ve been to the opera.
Did you enjoy it?
3) 表示過去的習(xí)慣
He always carried an umbrella.
They never drank wine.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的形式
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由to have 的現(xiàn)在時(shí)+過去分詞構(gòu)成：
肯定式 否定式 疑問式 否定疑問式
I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? Have I not worked?
You have worked You havenot worked Have you worked? Have you not worked?
He (she)has worked. He(she)has not worked. Has he(she) worked? Has he(she) not worked?
We(you / they) have worked. We (you / they) have not worked. Have we (you / they) worked? Have we (you / they) not worked?
緊縮形式
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的功用
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以說成是兼有現(xiàn)在與過去意義的一種復(fù)合時(shí)態(tài).它與現(xiàn)在有密切聯(lián)系,如：
------Oh,dear, I’ve forgotten her name.
和現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系就是 I don’t remember her name now.
------Fort has gone to Canada.
和現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系就是 He is not here. He is in Canada now.
1) 表示延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作 （有時(shí)是總計(jì)做了多少次等）.
How many times have you been to the United States?
She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times.
Tom has lived in Now York all his life.
2) 表示開始與過去而在說話時(shí)刻結(jié)束的行動(dòng),如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久沒見到你了.（說話時(shí)刻已經(jīng)見到了）
This room hasn’t been cleaned for months. (也許從說話開始時(shí)刻就要打掃它了)
3) 表示過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響,如：
The window has broken.
4) 和最高級(jí)連用,表示到現(xiàn)在為止是最……的
What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.
Is it a thick book?------Yes, it is the thickest book I’ve ever read.
5) 和句型 This is the first time…, It’s the first time 連用,如：
This is the first time he has driven a car.
(相當(dāng)于 he has never driven a car before.)
Is this the first time you’ve been in hospital?
Professor Johnson has lost his passport again. It’s the second time he has lost it.
6) 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副詞連用,如：
Have you ever eaten French cheese?
We have never had a private car.
Has it stopped raining yet? (yet 表示期待雨停止)
Would you like something to eat?
No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.
Don’t forget to mail the letter, will you?
I’ve already mailed it. (already 表示比預(yù)料的要快)
7）與since 連用,since 表示與某一時(shí)刻或從句連用,表示“從那一刻到說話時(shí)為止”,它總是與完成時(shí)連用,如：
She has been here since 6 o’clock.
He hasn’t been himself since the accident. （那次事故后,他從未完全康復(fù)）
Since I was a child I have lived in England.
一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較
1） 過去時(shí)僅僅表示過去,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還表示與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系,如：
He has lost his key.
He lost his key.
2) 與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)的或者過去很久的歷史事件不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
The Chinese invented printing.
Shakespear wrote Hamlet.
3)如果說明動(dòng)作有特定的過去時(shí)間,就不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),如：
Did you see the film on television last night?
Tom lost his key yesterday.
詢問某事發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間或者地點(diǎn)時(shí)（when , what time, where）, when , what time, where）, 用一般過去時(shí),如：
What time did they arrive?
When and where were you born?
比較：
Have you see Ann this moring? ( 說話時(shí)仍為上午)
Did you see Ann this morning? ( 說話時(shí)為下午)
Jack has lived in London for six years. 還在倫敦住
Jack lived in London for six years. 先不住倫敦了
I have never played golf in my life.
I didn’t play golf when I was on holiday last summer.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞to be 的現(xiàn)在時(shí) + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成：
肯定式 否定式 疑問式
I am working.You are working.He (she) is working.We (you,they) are working. I am not working.You are not working.He (she) is not working.We (you,they) are not working. Am I working?Are you working?Is he (she) working?Are we (you,they) working?
現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成,是在動(dòng)詞原形上加—ing, 但是應(yīng)該注意：
情況 變化 例詞
動(dòng)詞以單個(gè)e 結(jié)尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing
動(dòng)詞以 —ee結(jié)尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing
動(dòng)詞為單音節(jié)：以單一元音字母 + 單一輔音字母結(jié)尾 輔音字母雙寫,再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping
動(dòng)詞為雙音節(jié)或者多音節(jié)：最后一個(gè)音節(jié)為重讀音節(jié),以單一元音字母 + 單一輔音字母結(jié)尾 輔音字母雙寫,再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting
以 y 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的功用
1） 表示說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生或者進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m studying.
Let’s get out. It isn’t raining any more.
2) 表示在現(xiàn)在相對(duì)較長一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,但是說話一刻不一定在做的動(dòng)作
Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house.
David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing.
這些動(dòng)作,在說話時(shí)并不一定在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行,而是在包括說話的一剎那在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的.
3）表示最近的確定的安排
Ann is coming tomorrow.
Oh, is she? What time is she arriving?
At 10:15.
Are you meeting her at the station?
I can’t. I’m working tomorrow morning.
以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式來表示.但是談?wù)撘汛_定的安排時(shí)候,用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)顯得更加自然,除非受到動(dòng)詞的功能的限制.在此,切不可用will, 如：
Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married.
4) 和always 連用表示某種情緒,可能是厭煩也可能是贊揚(yáng),如：
Tom is always going away for weekends.
My husband is always doing homework.
有些動(dòng)詞是表示一種狀態(tài)而不是動(dòng)作,一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí).例如,我們一般不說 I am knowing, 而說 I know. 常見的這類動(dòng)詞有：
want like hate know see hear believe understand seem
think(相信) suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have （擁有）belong
To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受
Do you like Beijing?
Do you see the rainbow?
I remember him very well.
I think I understand what he wants.
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的是一般、重復(fù)的動(dòng)作或者事情
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)或說話前后正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情,如：
Tom plays tennis every Sunday.
Where’s Tom? -------He is playing tennis.
What do you do? 你是干什么工作的?
What are you doing here? 你在這里干什么?
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是表示經(jīng)久的情況,而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的是暫時(shí)的,如：
My parents live in Shanghai. They have been there for 50 years.
She’s living with some friends until she can find an apartment.
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式為：
I / he /she was
We / they / you were + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的功用
1） 表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間后者某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,如：
When I rang him up, he was having dinner.
This time last year I was living in Shanghai.
What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
2) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)連用,表示在一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過程中,發(fā)生了另一個(gè)動(dòng)作,如：
It was raining when I got up.
I fell asleep when I was watching television.
3) 過去一般時(shí)所說明的動(dòng)作是已經(jīng)完成的,而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)不表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作一定會(huì)完成,如：
Tom was cooking the dinner.
Tom cooked the dinner.
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
其構(gòu)成形式如下：
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞
功用如下：
1） 表示一個(gè)在過去開始而在最近剛剛結(jié)束的行動(dòng),如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一個(gè)從過去開始但仍在進(jìn)行的行動(dòng),如：
It has been raining for two hours. (現(xiàn)在還在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一個(gè)從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可以包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一個(gè)階段內(nèi),重復(fù)發(fā)生的行動(dòng),如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為的結(jié)果、影響,而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作行為本身,如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.