一般來(lái)說(shuō),倒裝分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝.有的倒裝是因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)法需要而出現(xiàn)的,有的倒裝則是因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)平衡的需要而出現(xiàn)的.
一、全部倒裝
1．以here, there, now,
then開(kāi)頭的句子,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要放在句子的主語(yǔ)之前.這種句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常是不及物動(dòng)詞.如：
Here comes the train!
There goes the bell!
注意：如果句子的主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞,則不能使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).如：
Here it comes! ／ There it goes!
2．有些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)以副詞out,in,up,down,away等結(jié)尾,構(gòu)成不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ).這時(shí),為了使句子更形象,常將這些副詞提前到句首.這時(shí),句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要放在句子主語(yǔ)的前面,構(gòu)成全部倒裝.（注意,這時(shí)句子的主語(yǔ)也必須是名詞.如果是人稱(chēng)代詞,也不能使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).）如：
Up went the rocket．
Up it went．
3．為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ),常將這個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)放在句首,構(gòu)成全部倒裝.注意,這時(shí)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常是不及物動(dòng)詞.如：
In the front of the lecture hall sat the speaker．
4．表語(yǔ)置于句首,且主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)或結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜的句子要用全部倒裝.如：
Gone are the days when we had nothing to eat．
5．so／neither／nor表示前面所說(shuō)的情況也適合于后者,其倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“so／neither／nor＋助動(dòng)詞／系動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)”（so表示肯定意義,neither／nor表示否定意義）.如：
She has finished her homework,so has her brother．
She hasn’t gone there, neither／nor has he．
但如果so表示強(qiáng)調(diào), 即強(qiáng)調(diào)前面所說(shuō)的情況的真實(shí)性時(shí),
其結(jié)構(gòu)是“so＋主語(yǔ)＋助動(dòng)詞／系動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”,這里的主語(yǔ)同前一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)指的是同一人或物.如：
She knows little English,so she does． 她英語(yǔ)懂得不多.她的確如此.
二．部分倒裝
1．用于疑問(wèn)句中.如：
How did you do that?
Did you see the film yesterday?
2．用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句中.如果我們將連詞if省略,應(yīng)把were, had,
should提到主語(yǔ)前面.如：
If you had come yesterday, you would have seen him．
→Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him．
3．用于as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中.as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句引起的倒裝有以下幾種形式：
1) 副詞置于句首.如：
Much as I like it (＝Although I like it very much), I
will not buy it．
2) 動(dòng)詞原形置于句首.如
Wait as you may(＝Although you may wait), he will not
see you．
3) 形容詞或名詞置于句首.如：
Proud as the nobles are (＝Although the nobles are
proud), they are afraid to see me．
Child as he is (＝Although he is a child), he can
tell right from wrong．
注意：如果名詞前有形容詞修飾時(shí),as 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中要保留不定冠詞.如：
A bad-tempered man as he is (＝Although he is a
bad-tempered man), he loves me deeply．
4．具有否定意義的副詞或連詞(not,hardly,no sooner, not until,
seldom,not once,at no time,never,little等) 置于句首時(shí),
句子（主句）采用部分倒裝.如：
Little do we know about him．
No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell
asleep．
Seldom does he come back on Sundays．
Not until he came back did I know about it．
5．only修飾句子的狀語(yǔ)（從句）位于句首時(shí),句子（主句）要用部分倒裝.如：
Only then did I realize the importance of English．
Only when a child grows up does he understand his
parents’ intentions．
但如果only修飾的是句子的其它成分,則無(wú)需倒裝.如：
Only socialism can save China．
(only修飾的是句子的主語(yǔ),故仍用正常語(yǔ)序.)
6．not only…but also… 連接兩個(gè)并列分句時(shí),第一個(gè)分句應(yīng)使用部分倒裝.如：
Not only does he do well in his lessons, but also he
often helps others with their lessons．
7．so…that結(jié)構(gòu)中的倒裝.有時(shí)要強(qiáng)調(diào)so所修飾的形容詞或副詞,常將so
連同它所修飾的形容詞或副詞一起提到句首.這時(shí),主句要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu).如：
He runs so fast that he is far ahead of others．
→So fast does he run that he is far ahead of others．
He is so clever that he can work out all the
difficult problems in the book．
→So clever is he that he can work out all the
difficult problems in the book． （全部倒裝）
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)前出現(xiàn)時(shí)叫順序（the natural order）.在某些情況下,我們可以把謂語(yǔ)成分放在主語(yǔ)前面,這種詞序叫做倒裝（ the inverted order）.
倒裝分兩種：配合語(yǔ)法條例的倒裝,叫“grammatical inversion”；配合強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)勢(shì)的叫“emphatic inversion”.
語(yǔ)法上的倒裝句是強(qiáng)制性的,包括下列 7 種：
⒈疑問(wèn)句,如：
● Can you do it?
● How old are you?
● When did you know him?
● Why did you elect him as captain?
● Which of these apples do you prefer?
但疑問(wèn)代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),不必倒置,如：
● Who is your English teacher?
● What happened last night?
⒉表示“愿望”的句子,如：
● May God bless you.
● Long live the king!
⒊“There”引導(dǎo)的句子,如：
● There are many cars on the road.
● There stand some big trees near the river.
● There is a security guard outside the bank.
⒋感嘆句,如：
● How beautiful the flower is!
● What a smart boy you are!
⒌有連接詞“so, neither, nor”的句子,如：
● Tom can ride a bicycle; so can I.
● She can't sing; neither can he.
● John has never been late; nor have I.
⒍省略連詞“if”的條件副詞分句,如：
● Were I you, I would not do such a thing.
● Should the machine break down again, send it back to us.
● Had you worked harder, you would have passed.
⒎“as, however”連接的讓步副詞分句,如：
● Small as the pen is, it is a powerful weapon.
● However busy you are, you should spend some time reading Zaobao weekly.
談過(guò)了語(yǔ)法上的倒裝句,現(xiàn)在談強(qiáng)調(diào)的倒裝句.
● Never have I seen such a wicked man.
● On no account must this employee be removed.
● Not until he told me had I heard anything of it.
● No sooner had I left than the rain came.
● Up jumped the puppy.
● In came John.
● Down fell the rotten branches from the tree.
● Out came a woman and her maid.