英語修辭手法
一、明喻（simile）是以兩種具有相同特征的事物和現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比,表明本體和喻體之間的相似關(guān)系,兩者都在對比中出現(xiàn).常用比喻詞like, as, as if, as though等,例如：
1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.
這頭象和任何人見到的一樣像一條蛇.
2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.
他看上去好像剛從我的童話故事書中走出來,像幽靈一樣從我身旁走過去.
3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
它那長長的葉子在風(fēng)中擺動(dòng),好像伸出纖細(xì)的手指去觸摸什么東西似的.
二、隱喻（metaphor）這種比喻不通過比喻詞進(jìn)行,而是直接將用事物當(dāng)作乙事物來描寫,甲乙兩事物之間的聯(lián)系和相似之處是暗含的.
1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...
德國人的槍炮和飛機(jī)將炸彈、炮彈和子彈像暴雨一樣傾瀉下來.
2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.
鉆石部是商店的心臟和核心.
三、提喻（synecdoche）又稱舉隅法,主要特點(diǎn)是局部代表全體,或以全體喻指部分,或以抽象代具體,或以具體代抽象.例如：
1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.
長城不僅是用石頭和土建造的,而且是用幾百萬人的血和肉建成的.
句中的“the flesh and blood”喻為“the great sacrifice”（巨大的犧牲）
2、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...”
……他說這是世界上最美的語言.
這里用具體的“tongue”代替抽象的“l(fā)anguage”.
4、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team.
很多人將眼光投向美國隊(duì)一個(gè)高高的20歲的黑姑娘.
這里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”.
四、擬人（personification）這種修辭方法是把人類的特點(diǎn)、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物擬人,以達(dá)到彼此交融,合二為一.
1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”)
一個(gè)夏天她可能生育成千上萬個(gè)孩子.
這里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人類婦女的生育.
2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.
我唯一擔(dān)心的是,到了一月份我又得去找工作.
英語里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化,賦以生命,使人們讀起來親切生動(dòng).
五、夸張（hyperbole）這是運(yùn)用豐富的想象,過激的言詞,渲染和裝飾客觀事物,以達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果.
1、My blood froze.
我的血液都凝固了.
2、When I told our father about this,his heart burst.
當(dāng)我將這件事告訴我們的父親時(shí),他的心幾乎要迸出來.
3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’svoice on the phone.
從電話里一聽到我女兒的聲音,我的心幾乎停止跳動(dòng).
六、疊言（rhetorical repetition）這種修辭法是指在特定的語境中,將相同的結(jié)構(gòu),相同意義詞組成句子重疊使用,以增強(qiáng)語氣和力量.
1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.
它必須用我們這些對于未來,對于人類以及人類自己創(chuàng)造的偉大命運(yùn)具有信心的人的鮮血和汗水去創(chuàng)造.
2、... Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.
因?yàn)閮?yōu)良的醫(yī)療技術(shù)和外科手術(shù)意味著更快地治療病人,更少痛苦,更少不安,更少死亡,更少疾病,和更少殘廢.
七、借代（metonymy）是指兩種不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一種事物名稱代替另一種.
1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them...
幾年以后,他們聽說拿破侖要親自來視察他們.
“word”在這里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息）
2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.
艾爾用眼睛說,“是的”.
“說”應(yīng)該是嘴的功能,這里實(shí)際上是用眼神表達(dá)了“說話的意思”.
八、雙關(guān)語（pun）是以一個(gè)詞或詞組,用巧妙的辦法同時(shí)把互不關(guān)聯(lián)的兩種含義結(jié)合起來,以取得一種詼諧有趣的效果.
Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both,sir!”cried the Swede proudly.
“Both”一詞一語雙關(guān),既指拿破侖和這位士兵都是瘋子,又指這位戰(zhàn)士參加過拿破侖指揮的兩次戰(zhàn)役.
九、擬聲（onomatcpocia）是摹仿自然界中非語言的聲音,其發(fā)音和所描寫的事物的聲音很相似,使語言顯得生動(dòng),富有表現(xiàn)力.
1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.
在學(xué)校房屋的屋頂上一些鴿子正輕輕地咕咕叫著.
2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.
她使我接觸到所有夠得著的或者感覺得到的東西,如陽光呀,絲綢擺動(dòng)時(shí)的沙沙聲呀,昆蟲的叫聲呀,開門的吱嗄聲呀,親人的說話聲呀.
十、諷刺（irony）是指用含蓄的褒義詞語來表示其反面的意義,從而達(dá)到使本義更加幽默,更加諷刺的效 果.
Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.
啊,當(dāng)然,我知道像你這樣的先生只帶大票子.
店員這句話意在諷刺這位穿破衣的顧客：像你這樣的人怎么會(huì)有大票子呢?名為“gentlemen”實(shí)則“beg gar”而已.
十一、通感（synesthesia）是指在某個(gè)感官所產(chǎn)生的感覺,轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)感官的心理感受.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.
有些書是應(yīng)當(dāng)嘗嘗滋味的,有些書是應(yīng)當(dāng)吞下去的,有少數(shù)書是應(yīng)當(dāng)咀嚼和消化的.
書是“嘗”不出味道的,也是不能“吃”下去將其“消化”掉的.這里把讀書中的精讀和泛讀,閱讀欣賞與吸收知識的感受,用味覺功能和消化功能來表示,心理感受是如此逼真和奇特.
十二、頭韻法（alliteration）在文句中有兩個(gè)以上連結(jié)在一起的詞或詞組,其開頭的音節(jié)有同樣的字母或聲音,以增強(qiáng)語言的節(jié)奏感.
How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.