一、概說(shuō)
連詞是一種虛詞,用于連接單詞、短語(yǔ)、從句或句子,在句子中不單獨(dú)用作句子成分.連詞按其性質(zhì)可分為并列連詞和從屬連詞.并列連詞用于連接并列的單詞、短語(yǔ)、從句或句子,如and, but, or, for等；從屬連詞主要引出名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句等)和狀語(yǔ)從句(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句等),引出名詞性從句的連詞如that, whether等,引出狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞如when, because, since, if 等.
二、并列連詞的用法
◆ 1. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞.這類(lèi)連詞主要有 but, yet 等.如：
Someone borrowed my pen, but I don’t remember who. 有人借了我的鋼筆,但我不記得是誰(shuí)了.
He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us. 他說(shuō)他是我們的朋友,但卻不肯幫助我們.
◆ 2. 表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞.這類(lèi)連詞主要有 for, so 等.如：
The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 這孩子咳得很利害,所以他媽媽帶他去看醫(yī)生.
You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你們一定要克服粗枝大葉,因?yàn)榇种Υ笕~常常引起嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤.
注意：for表示結(jié)果通常不能放句首,也不能單獨(dú)使用.
◆ 3. 表示并列關(guān)系的并列連詞.這類(lèi)連詞主要有 and , or , either…or , neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等.如：
He didn’t go and she didn’t go either. 他沒(méi)去,她也沒(méi)去.
The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天氣很溫暖,不冷也不熱.
Both New York and London have traffic problems. 紐約和倫敦都存在交通問(wèn)題.
It is important for you as well as for me. 這對(duì)你和對(duì)我都很重要.
People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年齡不到或者超齡的人都不得參軍.
三、從屬連詞的用法
◆ 1. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞
(1) 表示“當(dāng)…時(shí)候”或“每當(dāng)”的時(shí)間連詞.主要的 when, while, as, whenever.如：
Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃飯時(shí)不要說(shuō)話.
Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鮮時(shí)最好吃.
He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走時(shí)他來(lái)了.
(2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的時(shí)間連詞.主要的有before, after.如：
Try to finish your work before you leave. 離開(kāi)前設(shè)法把工作做完.
After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我們將坐在草地上.
(3) 表示“自從”或“直到”的時(shí)間連詞.主要的有since, until, till.如：
She’s been playing tennis since she was eight. 她從八歲起就打網(wǎng)球了.
Hold on until I fetch help. 堅(jiān)持一下,等我找人來(lái)幫忙.
Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (諺)不要無(wú)事惹事.
(4) 表示“一…就”的時(shí)間連詞.主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等.如：
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你.
The moment I have finished I’ll give you a call. 我一干完就給你打電話.
I came immediately I heard the news. 我一聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,馬上就來(lái)了.
Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦開(kāi)始, 便不可停下來(lái).
(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的時(shí)間連詞.主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(隨時(shí)),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次).如：
I’ll tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次見(jiàn)到他時(shí),我就把這個(gè)情況告訴他.
We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每當(dāng)我們洗手的時(shí)候,我們都要損失一些皮膚細(xì)胞.
You can call me any time you want to. 你隨時(shí)都可以給我打電話.
注意：every time, each time, any time前不用冠詞,(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠詞可以省略,而the first time中的冠詞通常不能省略.
◆ 2. 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞.這類(lèi)連詞主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case 等.如：
Do you mind if I open the window?我開(kāi)窗你不介意吧?
Don’t come unless I telephone. 除非我打電話,否則你別來(lái).
As long as you’re happy,it doesn’t matter what you do. 只要你高興,你做什么都沒(méi)關(guān)系.
In case it rains they will stay at home. 萬(wàn)一下雨,他們就呆在家里.
注意：在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,通常要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)意義,而不能直接使用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài).不過(guò),有時(shí)表示條件的 if之后可能用 will,但那不是將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài), 而是表示意愿或委婉的請(qǐng)求(will為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞).如：
If you will sit down for a few moments, I’ll tell the manager you’re here. 請(qǐng)稍坐, 我這就通知經(jīng)理說(shuō)您來(lái)了.
◆ 3. 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞.主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等.如：
He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音,以便每個(gè)人都能聽(tīng)見(jiàn).
Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 帶上雨傘,以防下雨.
She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重復(fù)了一遍好讓他聽(tīng)明白.
◆ 4. 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞.主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等.如：
I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去聽(tīng)演講去得很早, 所以找個(gè)好座位.
I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了許多跤,以致于全身都是青一塊紫一塊的.
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他關(guān)窗子用力很大, 結(jié)果玻璃震破了.
◆ 5. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞.主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等.如：
He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我,因?yàn)槲沂切聛?lái)的.
As you are sorry,I’ll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了,我就原諒你.
Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我們沒(méi)錢(qián),我們無(wú)法購(gòu)買(mǎi)它.
Seeing that he’s ill he’s unlikely to come. 因?yàn)樗×?他大概不會(huì)來(lái)了.
Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已經(jīng)道了歉, 我也就滿意了.
◆ 6. 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞.主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等.如：
Although they are twins, they look entirely different. 他們雖是孿生, 但是相貌卻完全不同.
I like her even though she can be annoying. 盡管她有時(shí)很惱人, 但我還是喜歡她.
You won’t move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力氣多大, 也休想搬動(dòng)那塊石頭.
Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我們?nèi)〉玫囊磺谐删投細(xì)w功于你們的支持.
Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是誰(shuí),你都不能從這里通過(guò).
Whenever I see him I speak to him. 每當(dāng)我見(jiàn)到他,我都和他講話.
◆ 7. 引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞.主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等.如：
Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不聽(tīng)我的話趕乘末班公共汽車(chē)呢?
He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. 他將鐵棍折彎,仿佛那是用橡皮做成的.
Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 沒(méi)有人像我這樣愛(ài)你.
◆ 8. 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞.主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等.如：
The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 這座教堂蓋在一座羅馬寺廟的舊址.
I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪兒我就帶你到哪兒.
Everywhere I go,I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里,我都發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣情況.
◆ 9. 引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞.主要的有than和as…as.如：
She was now happier than she had ever been. 現(xiàn)在她比過(guò)去任何時(shí)候都快活.
I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表,時(shí)間比我想像的早.
He doesn’t work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那樣努力.
◆ 10. 引起名詞從句的從屬連詞.主要有that, whether, if 等,它們用于引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句.其中that 不僅沒(méi)不充當(dāng)句子成分,而且沒(méi)有詞義,在句子中只起連接作用；而 if, whether 雖不充當(dāng)句子成分,但有詞義,即表示“是否”.如：
He replied that he was going by train. 他回答說(shuō)他將坐火車(chē)去.
I wonder if it’s large enough. 我不知道它是否夠大.
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我為是否傷了她的感情而擔(dān)心.