動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致時(shí),邏輯主語(yǔ)通常省去.例如：
1．_____in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.(NMET 1996)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. LostD. To lose
選C.此題考查過(guò)去分詞作原因狀語(yǔ),而其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致都是he,邏輯主語(yǔ)省去了.此題可以改為：Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
具體的關(guān)于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的給你總結(jié)如下：
何謂獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)?
它是指與主語(yǔ)之間無(wú)任何語(yǔ)法關(guān)系的名詞或代詞加上一個(gè)分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu).它不修飾單個(gè)的詞,而修飾整個(gè)句子.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可位于句子的任何部位.它構(gòu)成一個(gè)單獨(dú)實(shí)體,在句中作狀語(yǔ),并具有如下兩種功能：(1) 解釋原因或情景 (2) 提供主句中重點(diǎn)部分的相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié).
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是句子的主語(yǔ).但有時(shí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞帶有自己的主語(yǔ),從而在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主語(yǔ)不發(fā)生關(guān)系,我們稱之為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).其實(shí),所謂“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”也并非真正獨(dú)立,它還是一種從屬的結(jié)構(gòu).
一、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系.
A． 不定式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”
在“邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系.這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用一個(gè)從句或并列分句來(lái)表達(dá).
例如：
I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ____ in a year. (2005湖南)
A. followsB. followed C. to follow D. being followed
選C.此題考查“名詞+不定式”構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示動(dòng)作未完成,其中the rest 與follow存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系.此句可以改為：I send you 100 dollars today,and the rest is to follow in a year.
B．-ing形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”
1． 表示時(shí)間的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每個(gè)人都準(zhǔn)備好后,老師開(kāi)始上課.（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句When everyone was ready)
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.
每個(gè)人坐好后,主席開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì).（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句after everyone was seated）
2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那個(gè)男孩帶路,我們沒(méi)有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞.（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句Because the boy led the way）
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 許多眼睛看著他,他感到有點(diǎn)兒緊張.（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句As many eyes were watching him）
注意：含有being的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).
It being National Day today,the streets are very crowded. 今天是國(guó)慶節(jié),街上很擁擠.
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 沒(méi)有別的事可討論,我們都回家了.
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
3． 表示條件的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.
時(shí)間允許的話,我們下星期將進(jìn)行一次野炊.（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句If time permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night.
我的健康許可的話,我愿工作到深夜.（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句If my health allows）
4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.
學(xué)生們快樂(lè)地在學(xué)校里走著,每個(gè)人胸前都帶著一張卡.（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.
男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看著天空.（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）
注意：-ing形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致時(shí),邏輯主語(yǔ)通常省去.例如：
1． _____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004北京)
A. To waitB. Have waitedC. Having waited D. To have waited
選C.此題考查動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),因?yàn)檫壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致,所以邏輯主語(yǔ)Tom省去了.此題可以改為：After Tom had waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
2. _____the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.(2004廣東) A. Not completingB. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
選C.此題考查動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作原因狀語(yǔ),因?yàn)檫壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致,所以邏輯主語(yǔ)they省去了,根據(jù)動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,因?yàn)橄葲](méi)有完成,所以不得不再呆2周,故用完成時(shí)態(tài).此題可以改為：Because they have not completed the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
C．-ed形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”
與邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式一樣,如果-ed形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致的話,就需要用-ed形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. （獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作原因狀語(yǔ)） = As the book was written in simple English,English beginners were able to read it.
該書是用簡(jiǎn)單英語(yǔ)寫的,英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者也能看懂.
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. （獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作方式狀語(yǔ)）= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.
他上課專心聽(tīng)講,眼睛緊盯著黑板.
The task completed,he had two months' leave. （獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）
=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave.
任務(wù)完成以后,他休了兩個(gè)月的假.
注意：-ed形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”
動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致時(shí),邏輯主語(yǔ)通常省去.例如：
1．_____in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.(NMET 1996)
A. Losing B. Having lost C. LostD. To lose
選C.此題考查過(guò)去分詞作原因狀語(yǔ),而其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致都是he,邏輯主語(yǔ)省去了.此題可以改為：Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
2. ______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (2000spring)
A. GivenB. TO give C. Giving D. Having given
選A.此題考查過(guò)去分詞作條件狀語(yǔ),而其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致都是him,邏輯主語(yǔ)省去了.此題可以改為：If he is given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
3． _______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player. (2003北京)
A. Having givenB. To give C. GivingD. GivenD
選D.此題也是考查過(guò)去分詞作條件狀語(yǔ),而其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致都是he,邏輯主語(yǔ)省去了.此題可以改為：If he is given time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
4. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _____ (2004 上海春季)
A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted
選B.此題也是考查過(guò)去分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),而其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致都是Richard Jones,邏輯主語(yǔ)省去了.此題可以改為兩個(gè)并列句：After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home,and he was exhausted .
5.______ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. ( 2006全國(guó)（1、2）)
A. Surprising B. SurprisedC. Being surprised D. To be surprising
選B. 此題也是考查過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ),而其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致都是Tony,邏輯主語(yǔ)省去了.此題可以改為兩個(gè)并列句：Tony was surprised and happy, and he stood up and accepted the prize.
比較：
動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生,動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,動(dòng)詞-ing形式往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行.
The manager looks worried,many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理.（事情還沒(méi)有處理,而且是由經(jīng)理本人來(lái)處理,用不定式to settle）
The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了,經(jīng)理看上去很輕松.（事情已經(jīng)處理好了,用動(dòng)詞-ed形式settled表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯,一邊看電視.（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）
The food cooked, the boy went to bed.飯做好了,小孩去睡了.（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先后,飯已做好,小孩才去睡覺(jué)的）
二、 動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
“邏輯主語(yǔ)+being+其他”是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的“邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞-ing形式”的一種形式.在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,being往往可以被省去,這種省去being的結(jié)構(gòu),稱之為無(wú)動(dòng)詞“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”.
A．邏輯主語(yǔ)+名詞
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十個(gè)學(xué)生報(bào)名參加了這次競(jìng)賽,年紀(jì)最小的是個(gè)12歲的男孩.（the youngest和a boy of 12之間省去了being）
注意：
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略,一是在“There being + 名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中,二是在邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞的情況下.
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒(méi)有公共汽車,我們只好走回家.
It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因?yàn)槭切瞧谌?所有辦公室都關(guān)門.
B．邏輯主語(yǔ)+形容詞
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
他睡眼惺忪地轉(zhuǎn)向我.（his eyes和sleepy之間省去了being）
= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. ``````
He stood there, his mouth wide open.
他站在那里,嘴張得大大的.（his mouth和wide open之間省去了being）
= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
C．邏輯主語(yǔ)+副詞
School over, we all went home.
放學(xué)了,我們都回家了.（school和over之間省去了being）
= School was over, and we all went home.
He sat at his desk, his shoes off.
他坐在課桌旁,沒(méi)穿鞋子.（his shoes和off之間省去了being）
= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.
D．邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)
He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.
他站在黑板面前,背對(duì)著我們.
= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.
The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.
新老師面帶微笑走了進(jìn)來(lái).
= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.
The teacher came into the classroom,a rule in his hand.
老師走進(jìn)教室,手里拿著一把直尺.